GBBE Unit 1 Quiz 1

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Plasma Membrane

The boundary that separates the living cell from its nonliving surroundings and regulates traffic in and out of cells.

Selectively Permeable

Characteristic of the plasma membrane that chooses what may cross the membrane.

Fluid Mosaic

Description of the plasma membrane structure, consisting of a fluid lipid bilayer with embedded proteins.

Lipid Bilayer

Double layer of phospholipids forming the plasma membrane.

Fluidity of Membranes

The need for membranes to remain fluid at various temperatures, influenced by lipid composition.

Cholesterol

Lipid molecule in the membrane that helps maintain membrane fluidity.

Integral Proteins

Proteins that penetrate the hydrophobic core of the lipid bilayer, often transmembrane.

Membrane Carbohydrates

Molecules that interact with surface molecules of other cells, crucial for cell-cell recognition.

Cell-Cell Recognition

The cell's ability to distinguish one type of neighboring cell from another, facilitated by membrane carbohydrates.

Oligosaccharides

Short carbohydrate chains involved in cell-cell recognition, often bound to lipids or proteins.

Solutions

A combination of solvent and solute(s), crucial for cell transport.

Passive Transport

Movement of molecules across the cell membrane without the input of energy.

Simple Diffusion

Passive transport where solutes move down their concentration gradient.

Osmosis

Passive transport specific to water movement across a selectively permeable membrane.

Facilitated Diffusion

Passive transport requiring no energy, facilitated by channel and carrier proteins.

Dynamic Equilibrium

State where there is no net movement of molecules across the membrane, maintaining balance.

Hypertonic Solution

Solution with a higher solute concentration causing water to leave the cell.

Hypotonic Solution

Solution with a lower solute concentration causing water to enter the cell.

Isotonic Solution

Solution where solute concentration inside and outside the cell is the same, maintaining cell size.

Tonicity

Ability of a cell to gain or lose water based on solute concentration.

Net Movement

Overall movement of molecules in a specific direction, influenced by concentration gradients.

Channel Protein

Protein facilitating the passage of solutes through the membrane via a channel.

Carrier Protein

Protein aiding in the transport of solutes across the membrane by undergoing conformational changes.

Prokaryote

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Eukaryote

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Organelle

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell.

Cytoskeleton

A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement.

Nucleus

Control center of the cell.

Ribosomes

Structures that make proteins.

Autosomes

Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another.

Golgi Apparatus

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell.

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell.

Nucleolus

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes.

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Main energy source that cells use for most of their work.

Ion

A charged atom.

Exocytosis

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material.

Hydrophobic

Water-fearing.

Hydrophilic

Water-loving.

Polar

Molecule with partial charges that mixes with water.

Non-polar

Molecule with equal sharing of electrons.

Turgid

Swollen.

Flaccid

Limp, not firm; lacking vigor or effectiveness.

Lysis

Destruction

Lysosomes

An organelle containing digestive enzymes

Phospholipids

Most abundant lipid in the plasma membrane, amphiphatic with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails

Peripheral proteins

Proteins loosely bound to the surface of the membrane

Bulk transport

The process in which large particles and macromolecules are transported through plasma membranes. Inc. exocitosis and endocytosis