HOA

The Dome of the Chain

It covers the summit of Mount Moriah "Furthest Sanctuary" from which the Prophet is believed to have been carried on a night-ride to heaven to receive fundamental revelations. Its high timber dome was carried on a stone arcade of pointed arches on Corinthian columns alternating with marble-faced piers. Surrounding arcaded aisles are set out on an octagonal plan. From the outset, the interior was richly finished in glass mosaic and quartered marble. Pierced marble and ceramic lunettes fill the window openings, which once had iron tracery.

Minaret

Tower from which a call to prayer is made

Jali

A decorative screen is a common component in Islamic architecture that controls the quality of light that enters a room.

Mihrab

Niche oriented towards Mecca

Alhambra

A distinct among Medieval palaces for its sophisticated planning, complex decorative programs, and its many enchanting gardens and fountains. Its intimate spaces are built at a human scale that visitors find elegant and inviting. It was built by the Nasrid dynasty (1232-1492) - the last Muslims to rule Spain. Muhammad ibn Yusuf ibn Nasr (known as Muhammad I) founded the Nasrid dynasty and secured this region in 1237. He began construction of his court complex on Sabika hill the following year.

Mosque

Any house or open area of prayer in Islam. It could also be used as a school, a place for transactions, storage for treasures, place for hearing official notices.

Multifoil Arch

Identify the type of arch used in Islamic Architecture. (Description kay di ako naka quizlet premium di maka insert ng photo: composed of curly-like shapes)

Muezzin

The caller who summons the faithful to prayer.

Ogee Arch

Identify the type of arch used in Islamic Architecture. (Description: onion shape)

Imam

The man who leads the congregation in prayer.

Dome

The Islamic architecture adopted this element as one of its primary features after getting influenced by the model of the pre-existing Byzantine domes in Ottoman architecture.

Muqarnas

It resembles stalactites or honeycombs and becomes the 3D sculptural ornamentations that often appear as a part of vaults. The underside of domes, pendentives, arches, vaults, squinches etcetera usually host these architectural elements.

Sober and Dignified

Among the choices are Islamic architectural characters except,

Minbar

Raised platform for ceremonial announcements in a mosque.

Great Mosque of Seville

The Patio Naranjos and Giralda Tower are the only remains of the former mosque. The mosque was converted for Christian worship and was used from 1248 to 1401 before it was torn down for the current cathedral to be built.

The Mosque of the Prophet

The courtyard of the Muhammad in Medina, Arabian Peninsula, was the model for later Islamic architecture. The home of Muhammad and his family was a simple structure, made of raw brick, which opened on an enclosed courtyard where people gathered to hear him. In 624 Muhammad decreed that prayer be directed toward Mecca.

Iwan

Open-fronted porch facing a court.

Dikka

Reading desk in a typical mosque.

Horseshoe arch

Identify the type of arch used in Islamic Architecture. (Description: resembles a circle)

Pointed Arch

Identify the type of arch used in Islamic Architecture. (Description: Pointed shape)

Mosque of Selim II

The complex is huge and measures 190x130 meters and is composed of a mosque, two symmetrical square madrasas, and there was a row of shops and a school for learning the recitation of the Quran located to the west and added during the reign of Sultan Murad III. The mosque's nearly square prayer hall is approached through a porticoed courtyard, making the central block of the complex rectangular. The approach to the north facade of the mosque is dramatic; the aligned gates of the outer precinct wall and forecourt focus the eye upwards towards the dome, which could be seen from a distance.

The Mosque of Ibn Tulun

The mosque retains its original character despite several restoration. It is built in brick but is faced with stucco in which friezes are incised. The mixture of several forms of ornamental detailing found separately at Samara suggests not only that the mosque was essentially an Iraqi building, but that was built by craftsmen from the Abbasid capital who had arrived in Egypt only a relatively short time before.

Ghurid Minaret, Jam

Isolated but well preserved in a rocky valley in central Afghanistan. It stands with a height of sixty-five meters tall and consists of a tapering cylindrical shaft on a 9-meter octagonal base which is still partly buried. The decoration on the shaft of the minaret consists of calligraphic relief in brickwork, alternating with geometric pattering of Kufic inscription on turquoise tiles.

Islam, or submission to the will of Allah, is the second largest religion in the world, with around 1.9 billion followers. Allah translates as "the God", meaning the one true God and the same one worshipped by the Christians and Jews.

Choose the correct statement.

The Great Mosque of Damascus

The fist known minarets in Islam, however, were the extant towers of the Great Temple which became the mosque. It was traditional and symbolic in the early days of Islam that the principal church of the city had resisted the Muslims should be taken over as the congregational mosque.

Suleymaniye Mosque

A large building - its dome has a diameter of 26 m (85 ft) and a height of 52 m (170 ft). the lead-faced domes, softly contoured but of powerful shape, are terminated in outward-surging eaves which contrasted markedly with the lean elegance of the minarets. Internally, the ceramic panels are sparse but perfect. White calligraphic inscriptions on blue grounds are surrounded by intricate borders, and the great, glowing windows of colored glass are carried in grilles of carved stucco typical of Ottoman work.

Caliph

The successor to the prophet military, judicial, or spiritual leader of Islam.

Calligraphy

Like other Islamic decorations, is closely tied to geometry. All the letter proportions are mathematically determined. Inscriptions are commonly utilized as a frame along and around major architectural elements such as gateways and cornices. The Islamic emphasis on repetition, balance, symmetry, and pattern formation is exemplified by these designs. Combined with optical effects such as balancing positive and negative areas, as well as sophisticated use of color and tonal values.

The Great Mosque of Cordoba

Islamic mosque in Spain, which was converted into a Christian cathedral in the 13th century. The original structure was built by the Umayyad ruler 'Abd ar-Rahman I in 784-786 with extensions in the 9th and 10thcenturies that doubles its size, ultimately making it one of the largest sacred buildings in the Islamic world. The ground plan of the completes building forms a vast rectangle measuring 590 by 425 feet (180 by 130 meters), or little less than St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.

Madrassa of Qaitbay

The ultimate achievement of architectural development in Cairo. It survives completely and has been fully restored. A slender minaret reduces from the square to the octagonal and then to the circle and an open colonnade on which stands the high-shouldered dome, the form of which is echoed by the dome over the tomb itself. The picturesque aspect of the asymmetric exterior is heightened by the striated facing, whose colors are picked up in the elaborately banded inlaid decoration of arches, friezes, and cresting. The external surface of the dome is deeply carved with bars intertwined with floral arabesques.

Great Mosque of Mecca

The mosque houses the Kaaba and the center of the Islamic faith.

Giralda Tower

It is a 104.1 meters (341.5 feet) tall minaret of a mosque that stood on the site of today's cathedral during the period of the Almohad rule.

Tomb of Ismael the Samanid, Bokhara

The tomb is a relatively small domed mausoleum, constructed in elaborately decorated brickwork within and without. Shaped and cut bricks are used in relief to form complex patterns. The building is an almost perfect cube, battered back externally, on which is superimposed a hemispherical masonry dome.

Paradise Garden

These spaces provide respite during summers to the police. It displays water features like large marble fountains and ponds adorned with lotuses and lilies. These are often having quadrilateral layout.

Liwan

The prayer hall in a typical mosque.

Riwaq

Colonnade or arcade in a typical mosque

Kiblah

Axis oriented towards Mecca

Fawwara

It is usually put in the center of the mosque's courtyard for the worshippers to perform their ritual washing before prayer.

Geometric pattern

The Islamic emphasis on repetition, balance, symmetry, and pattern formation is exemplified by these designs. Combined with optical effects such as balancing positive and negative areas, as well as sophisticated use of color and tonal values.

The Great Mosque, Qairouan

The building has slightly pointed horseshoe arches carried on capitals of Corinthian derivation. The gored dome is carried on cusped squinches. An important precedent was set in the prayer-chambered which has a Tshaped plan where a central nave intersects the transverse aisle against the kiblah wall. The giant, square tapering minaret with its recessed stages as well as the incorrect southward orientation of the building itself reflect eighth-century Syrian origins.

The Minaret of Samarra

The mosque's minaret or place from where prayer is called -is a conical tower with a spiral ramp. Its shape is heavily influenced by a certain kind of Mesopotamia ziggurat. One of the most famous minarets, it is 52 meters tall and 33 meters wide.

The Dome of the Rock

A building central and crucial; to the whole history of the architecture of Islam stands in the center of the Temple of Mount. It began in 688 and the Prophet's Mosque and the Kaaba are among the most important Muslim shrines.

The great mosque of Malwiya, Samara

Although stated by his predecessor, it is regardless as the work of the Caliph Al-Mutawakkil, who also built nearby mosque of Abu Dulaf. The mosque consisted of an immense walled courtyard planned on a ration of three to two, 155 m x 238 m (510ft x 780ft), surrounded by four aisles except on the south side where nine aisles form the prayer chamber. The internal structure of mud-brick piers and timber pole-joisted roofs has long since disappeared, but the massive brick outer walls remain, buttressed at intervals of 16m (52ft) by half-round towers.

Gur-I Amir, Samarkand

The building was unfinished when Timur died, to be buried in the tomb which dominates the funerary complex. The group includes a tomb, a madrassa, and a caravanserai. An abnormally high drum is surmounted by a high-rising, bulbous dome said to have been rebuilt to satisfy an emperor with a passion for impressive height. The wall surfaces faced in ceramics and marble and the vault itself in gold and blue patterned inlay are magical and complete.

Great mosque of Esfahan

A complex of buildings that centers on the 11th -century domed sanctuary and includes a second domed chamber, built-in 1088, known for its beauty of proportion and design. The central sanctuary was built under the direction of Niazam al-Mulk, vizier to the Seljuq ruler Malik Shan, probably between 1070 and 1075. It stands at the south end of the courtyard. Its large brick dome is supported by 12 heavy piers.

Sultan Ahmed Mosque

Mosque has one main domes, six minarets, eight secondary domes, the design is the culmination of two centuries of Ottoman Masque development. It incorporates some Byzantine Christian elements of the neighboring Hagia Sophia with traditional Islamic architecture and is the last great mosque of the classical period. The architect, Sedefkar Mehmed Aga, synthesized the ideas of his matter Sinan, aiming for overwhelming size, majesty, and splendor.

Maqsura

Box or wooden screen near the mihrab, which was originally designed to shield a worshipping ruler from assassins.

Sahn

Cloistered or arcaded courtyard in a typical mosque

Kalyan Minaret

Last surviving fragment of the Kara-khanid era mosque was built by Mohamad Arslan Khan in 1127, predating the Mongol conquests. Standing tall at 45.6 meters, this unlikely survivor of the city's early days - which so astonished Genghis Khan that he refused to order its destruction - continues to serve as the centerpiece of the city.

Arabesque

Refers to floral motifs created by combining lines and vegetal elements, which can be flowers, leaves, or tree branches. Decorative patterns can be found covering surfaces on buildings like mosques, as well as items like ceramic tiles and glassware. The Islamic emphasis on repetition, balance, symmetry, and pattern formation is exemplified by these designs. Combined with optical effects such as balancing positive and negative areas, as well as sophisticated use of color and tonal values.

Pietra Dura

Muslims under religious injunction avoided the use of human figurines rather they opted for geometrical patterns (arabesque), floral patterns, inscriptions in various styles, inlay on marble also called,

Ashokan pillar capital at Vaishali, Bihar, India

One of Ashoka's first artistic programs was to erect the pillars that are now scattered throughout what was the Mauryan empire. The pillars vary from 40 to 50 feet in height. They are cut from two different types of stone—one for the shaft and another for the capital. The shaft was almost always cut from a single piece of stone. Laborers cut and dragged the stone from quarries in Mathura and Chunar, located in the northern part of India within Ashoka's empire.

Sun Temple at Modhera

The temple which dates to the early eleventh century and was built by Raja Bhimdev I of the Solanki Dynasty in 1026is an example of the Nagara style of the temple in this region. The influence of the woodcarving tradition of Gujarat is evident in this temple. Pillars that recount the ancient stories, scenes from Mahabharata and Ramayan (epic Hindu literature) are intricately carved, raised, and erected on the large platform; the temple appears majestic with its grand structure. This mesmerizing work of art is another example of man-made magnificence which amuses

Kondane Caves

Same as Bhaja, except archway, which is part of the stone that measures66ft by26.5ft by 28ft. It has an arch way more finished and curved with a central pillared hall. It has 23 by 29 columns in colonnades, with cells on three sides.

Taj Mahal

Mausoleum complex in Agra, western Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. It was built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan(reigned1628-58) to immortalize his wife Mumtaz Mahal ("Chosen One of the Palace"), who died in childbirthin1631, having been the emperor's inseparable companion since their marriagein1612. In its harmonious proportions and its fluid incorporation of decorative elements, it is distinguished as the finest example of Mughal architecture, a blend of Indian, Persian, and Islamic styles. Other attractions include twin mosque buildings (placed symmetrically on either side of the mausoleum), lovely gardens, and a museum

Gol Gumbaz

The mausoleum of Mohammed Adil Shah. It is one of the largest single chambers ever built. Externally, the building is a great cube with a turret or tower attached to each angle, with a large hemispherical dome covering the whole. The effect of the building is derived from the fine proportions between its various elements, especially between the cubical part below and the domed part above

Virupaksha Temple

The oldest Hindu shrine within the imperial site and still in active worship today, which predated Vijayanagara rule but was enlarged in 1509-10 for Krishnadevaraya's coronation. Virupaksha, a form of God Shiva, was the patron deity of the Vijayanagara kings. The enclosed temple complex has an east-facing, 160-foot-high entrance tower(gopura); many Hindu temples face the direction of the rising sun, making the eastside the typical entry for devotees.

Annamalaiyar Temple

The breathtaking temple complex is dedicated to Shiva. There are numerous intricately adorned shrines and halls within the entire temple complex which is also considered as one of the largest temple complexes in India. Do make it a point to see the splendid eastern gopuram(tower),which is one the tallest temple towers in India as it stands 66 meters tall, and the gorgeous thousand-pillared hall that extends serenely in the temple complex.

Medhi

It is the upper passage in a stupa.

Provincial Style

In this style of architecture which lasted for a period of two-hundred-and fifty years, they created buildings with locally available materials, combining the regional styles with the typical Muslim features such as domes, arches, the minarets, and the mihrabs. Initially, they constructed on the ruins of Hindu, and Jain temples, and later they derived their own style in building art.

Meenakshi Temple

It is one of the most famous Hindu temples in Madurai dedicated to Goddess Parvati, known as the spouse of Lord Shiva. The earliest temple at Madurai was likely constructed in the 7th century C.E., but the temple complex we experience today is largely the work of the Nayak dynasty in the 16th and 17th centuries. They enlarged the complex and redesigned the surrounding streets following the sacred tradition of the Vastu Shastra(Hindu texts prescribing the form, proportions, measurements, ground plan, and layout of architecture). The temple is a prime example of Dravidian architecture—a style of Hindu architecture common in the southern states of India. Characteristics of Dravidian architecture often include covered porches on temples, tall entry gate towers on two or more sides, many-pillared halls, and a water tank or reservoir for ritual bathing

Vedika

The enclosed railing in a stupa.

Agra Fort

It was established by the Mughal emperor Akbar and, in its capacity as both a military base and a royal residence, served as the seat of government when the Mughal capital was in Agra

Dravida

Style of temple architecture South India was pioneered by the Pallavas who reigned in parts of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and northern Tamil Nadu until the ninth century. In the South Indian temple, the word 'shikhara' is used only for the crowning element at the top of the temple which is usually shaped like a small stupika or an octagonal cupola—this is equivalent to the amalaka and kalasha. The front wall has an entrance gateway in its center, which is known as a Gopuram.

Stambha

The next development of Indian--Buddhist structures was the freestanding monolithic columns erected over sites selected because of their sacred associations. They were stone objects. It consists of a circular column or shaft slightly tapering towards the summit (monolithic). On top of this shaft is the Persepolitan bell or the inverted lotus- shaped base. Above this is the abacus on top of which rests the crowning sculpture. These three portions were carved out of a single stone (monolithic).

Kandariya Mahadev Temple

It is estimated that this temple has about 870sculptures, with a onemeter height each. The entrance has a staircase and porch that is adorned with garlands chiseled out of a single stone. The whole plan of this temple is somewhat like Lakshman and Vishwanath Temple; with all rooms arrayed from east to west and balconies on the south and north. On the inside is the deity of Lord Shiva, holding a trident and snake, with the deities of Vishnu and Brahma. The seven fearful protector goddesses include Brahmi seated on a swan of Brahma; Maheshwari with three eyes seated on Shiva's bull Nandi; Kumari; Vaishnavi mounted on Garuda; the boar-headed Varahi; the lion-headed Narasimhi and Chamunda, the slayer of demons Chanda and Munda.

Imperial Style

The style of this period is also called the early Indo-Islamic style. The existing buildings were converted into mosques with the elements of ruins from Hindu temples. The palaces were elaborately decorated and embellished with arches and domes. Floral patterns and other Hindu motifs were used widely.

Akbar's Tomb

Built The scheme of the mausoleum is on a grand scale, its perimeter walls enclosing a large square garden, while the tomb structure situated in the center of the enclosure is a square in the plan of 320ft side and over 100 ft high. In the middle of each side of the enclosure is a gatehouse, three of which are false doorways added for symmetry and the southern being the main entrance. The main gateway is a minor monument, with pleasing proportions and bold inlaid ornamentation alongwith4graceful white marble minarets, one above each corner.

Sopana

It is the stairway in a stupa.

Torana

The gateway in a stupa.

Lakshmana Temple

The first of several temples were built by the Chandela kings in their newly created capital of Khajuraho. The central deity at this temple is an image of Vishnu in his three-headed form known as Vaikuntha who sits inside the temple's inner womb chamber also known as garbhagriha.

Anda

The spherical dome symbolized the infinite space of the sky in a stupa.

Harmika

The square railing encircling the pedestal in a stupa

Mughal Style

The style of this period is a unique blend of Indo-Islamic and Persian styles with Turkish influences. The buildings were excellent and remarkably symmetrical in form and uniform in pattern with intricate ornamentation.

Sidi Sayyid Masjid

Built The mosque was built in1510-1515and is the last building of thestyle to show any marked originality. The mosque illustrates a departure from conventional mosque design in that it is composed entirely of arcades of arches. It has8square piers supporting the arches from the interior of the mosque. Walls are composed entirely of perforated stone screens which have given the building a worldwide reputation. One of the subjects shown in the tracery is the 'palm-and-parasite' motif

Vihara

They were the residential places of the Buddhist monks. The main hall was entered through a doorway, leading to an assembly hall, dining chambers, and meditation cells. The walls depict figures of the Buddha and are often excavated from solid rock central pillared chamber or quadrangle surrounded by a verandah.

Bedsa

Measured 45.5ft by 21 ft, with an exterior consisting of two rock-cut columns between pilasters acting as vestibule to the screen. It has a vase-shaped base- an octagonal shaft and carved capitals. The Pillars support the main beam of the roof

Taj Mahal

Resting in the middle of a wide plinth 23 feet(7 meters) high, the mausoleum proper is of white marble that reflects hues according to the intensity of sunlight or moonlight. It has four nearly identical facades, each with a wide central arch rising to 108 feet (33 meters)at its apex and chamfered (slanted) corners incorporating smaller arches. The majestic central dome, which reaches a height of 240 feet (73 meters) at the tip of its finial, is surrounded by four lesser domes. The acoustics inside the main dome causes the single note of a flute to reverberate five times

Stupa

Dome-shaped structures are used to house sacred relics of the monks and are hence also known as "Relic-shrines". Earth materials are covered with stones or bricks. The plan, elevation, and basic structure are all derived from the circle.

Gopuram

The huge tower at the entrance of a temple. It serves as the gateway to the temple complex. It is one of the most prominent things in a temple.

Chaitya

Ancient structures were influenced by the ascetic lifestyle of the Vedic period and the tendency of hermits to retire in solitude. Buddhist shrine or prayer hall with a stupa at one end made for large gatherings of devotees and made in rock-cut duet permanency of structure.

Lomas Rishi Cave

One of the man-made Barabar Caves in the Barabar and Nagarjuni hills of Jehanabad district in the Indian state of Bihar. This rock-cut cave was carved out as a sanctuary. It was built during the Ashokan period of the Maurya Empire in the 3rd century BC, as part of the sacred architecture of the Ajivikas, an ancient religious and philosophical group of India that competed with Jainism and became extinct over time.

Alai Darwaza

Built by the second Khilji Sultan Alauddin Khilji, in 1311 AD, it is the main gateway at the southern end of the Quwwat- Ul-Islam Mosque, located within the Qutub Minar Complex in South Delhi. It is an extension to provide an entry pathway to the courtyard of the QuwwatUl-Islam Masjid

Chatra

The stupa is usually crowned by a triple umbrella called,

Vesara

Combination of Nagara and Dravidian style of temple architecture styles.

Humayun's Tomb

One of the earliest extant examples of the garden tomb characteristic of Mughal-er architecture, situated in Delhi, India. In1993it was declared a UNESCO World Heritage site. A landmark in the development of Mughal architecture, it was commissionedin1569, after the death of the Mughal emperor in 1556, by his Persian queen Hamida Banu Begam. It was designed by Persian architect Mirak Mirza Ghiyas. The structure inspired several other significant architectural achievements, including the Taj Mahal

Karli, Maharashtra

Pinnacle of Hinayana Chaitya construction measuring 124ft by 46.5ft by 45ft. At the front is simha stambha, a 50 ft tall free- standing pillar on both sides of the façade, detached to evoke reverence Each stands on a wide rock cylinder base, 16 sides shaft, fluted abacus, above the capital, and a harmika pedestal. Behind is a vestibule, front made of the rockcut screen with triple entrance and clerestory.

Jama Masjid, Mandu

Built Started by Hushang Shah and finished by Mahmud I in A.D. 1440. The mosque covers a square of 288 ft side, prolonged on the eastern front by another 100 ft by a projecting domed entrance hall and a wide flight of steps. There are also two subsidiary entrances to the north, one for the priests and the other a private entrance for the zenana. Being raised on a high plinth enables the front side of the basement to contain a series of arcaded chambers to be used as a serai.

Brihadeshwara Temple

It is the earliest granite temple in the world. It was built by Chola Emperor RajarajaI between 1003 and 1010 AD. The vimana tower above the sanctum sanctorum is one of the tallest in South India at216ft. This temple is one of the greatest specimens of Chola architecture. The temple complex is rectangular in shape. There are five main sections: the sanctum with the towering superstructure (Sri vimana), the Nandi Hallin front (Nandi-mandapam), and in between these the main community hall (mukhamandapam), the great gathering hall (mahamandapam), and the pavilion that connects the great hall with the sanctum (ardhamandapam).

Shikhara

It is the spire or tower over the temples. It was inspired by the clad peak of the Himalayas

Garbhagriha

The part in which the idol of the deity in a Hindu Temple is installed or placed.

Jagati

Is a term used to refer to a raised surface, platform, or terrace upon which the typical Hindu temple is placed?

Antarala

It is a small antechamber or foyer between the garbhagriha (shrine) and the mandapa.

Nagara

Style of temple architecture that became popular in northern India. In North India, it is common for an entire temple to be built on a stone platform with steps leading up to it. Another unique characteristic is that it does not usually have elaborate boundary walls or gateways. The garbhagriha is always located directly under the tallest tower.

Hoysaleswara Temple

It is a Shiva traditional temple situated in Halebidu or Dwarasamudra in Karnataka and literally known as Halebidu temple. The temple was built by King Vishnuvardhan of the Hoysala Empire in 1121 AD and made of soapstone. The twin temples have two shrines dedicated to representing the masculine and feminine form of Shiva with lingam. The design and decoration of the temple were made by famous architect Kedoraja.

Jami Masjid, Fatehpur Sikri

Built by Akbar in A.D. 1571. It covers a rectangular area measuring 542ft X438ft, with a large courtyard, originally entered by gateways on the north, south, and east. Of these, only the eastern or King's Gateway has remained unaltered by subsequent additions. It is one of the largest mosques in the country. The mosque follows the conventional plan form with a central courtyard surrounded by cloisters on 3 sides and the sanctuary on the western side. The sanctuary façade consists of a large rectangular front in the center containing a spacious alcove, with a pillared arcade on each side to form the wings.

Mandapa

Is a term to refer to a pillared outdoor hall or pavilion for public rituals.

Songyue Temple Pagoda

The oldest existing large pagoda in China. Its structure and style are consummate among ancient pagodas and were constructed in 520 during the Northern Dynasties. The brick pagoda is the earliest multi-eave pagoda to be found thus far with a total height of about 39.8 meters and the diameter of the ground floor is 10.6 meters, including the walls, which are each 2.5 meters thick.

Dougong

A system of interlocking brackets between the ceiling's column and crossbeam also helped disperse the structure's weight usually used in Ancient Chinese architecture.

Horse headwall

In villages inhabited by ethnic groups, the density of residential buildings is relatively high, which is not conducive to fire prevention. The type of wall can cut off the source of fire in the event of a fire in neighboring residential buildings. It is also called the firewall.