2.1 Cell Structure and Function

The 2 universal subcomponents of cells

Genome and ribosomes

Is DNA membrane-bound?

Prokaryotic: No

Eukaryotic: Yes, bound by nucleus

Ribosomes

Make of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Network of membrane tubes in cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells

Purpose: Mechanical support, intracellular transport

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Ribosomes attached to membrane

Purpose: packages newly synthesized proteins for export

Protein synthesis: Carries it out on the membrane-bound ribosomes

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

No attached ribosomes

Purpose: detoxification and lipid synthesis

Golgi Complex

Series of flattened membrane-bound sacs in eukaryotic cells

Purpose: Correcting folding + chemical modification of synthesized proteins + packaging

Vesicles

Containers for transporting cell components

Mitochondria

Has double membrane (outer is smooth and inner has folds called cristae) that allows compartments for metabolic functions

Purpose: Produces ATP energy that eukaryotic cells use do to work + capture energy from macromolecules

Lysosomes

Membrane-enclosed sacs in some eukaryotic cells with hydrolytic enzymes
Purpose: Recycle organic materials + programmed cell death

Hydrolytic enzymes

Digest materials like damaged cell parts or macromolecules

Vacuoles

Membrane-bound sacs in eukaryotic cells

Purpose: many - water and macromolecule storage + release of cell waste etc.

Chloroplasts

Double outer-membranes

Purpose: captures energy from the sun to produce sugar for photosynthetic algae and plants (eukaryotes)

Thylakoid (chloroplast)

Folded membrane in stacks called grana which has chlorophyll pigments

Purpose: makes up photosystems with electron transport proteins in between + light dependent reactions occur there

Folding increases efficiency

Stroma (chloroplast)

Fluid between inner chloroplast membrane and outside thylakoids

Purpose: carbon fixation (Calvin-Benson cycle) reactions occur there

Electron transport

Photosystems with E transports are in the thylakoid

Electron transport occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane

Where do Krebs Cycle (citric acid cycle) reactions occur

Matrix of mitochondria

Turgor Pressure

Intercellular force of water pushing against the membrane and cell wall

Vacuole purpose: aids retention of water for turgor pressure