Clinical Immunology Study Guide Quiz I (Video)

50 vocabulary-style flashcards based on the provided lecture notes.

Granulocytes

Innate immune cells with cytoplasmic granules; include neutrophils and eosinophils.

Monocytes

Circulating white blood cells that differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells to kickstart adaptive immunity.

Macrophages

Phagocytes that engulf pathogens, release cytokines, and can undergo apoptosis; derived from monocytes.

Neutrophils

Primary phagocytes recruited to infection sites that ingest and kill microbes.

Eosinophils

White blood cells involved in inflammation, especially during allergy and parasite responses.

Mast cells

Cells that release histamine and other mediators during inflammatory responses.

Dendritic cells

Antigen-presenting cells that phagocytose pathogens and activate T cells; bridge innate and adaptive immunity.

B cells

Adaptive lymphocytes that differentiate into plasma cells to produce antibodies.

Plasma cells

Differentiated B cells that secrete antibodies to bind pathogens and toxins.

T cells

Adaptive lymphocytes that differentiate into cytotoxic and helper T cells.

Cytotoxic T cells

CD8+ T cells that kill infected or abnormal cells.

Helper T cells

CD4+ T cells that activate other immune cells via cytokines.

Antibodies

Immunoglobulins produced by plasma cells that bind pathogens and toxins to neutralize them.

Phagosome

Vesicle containing engulfed pathogen during phagocytosis.

Phagolysosome

Phagosome fused with lysosome containing digestive enzymes and a low pH.

Lysosome

Organelle containing digestive enzymes used in digestion of engulfed material.

Opsonins

Molecules that tag pathogens to enhance phagocytosis.

Opsonin receptors

Receptors on phagocytes that recognize opsonins.

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

Microbial molecules recognized by the innate immune system.

Bacterial cell wall components

Carbohydrates and lipids in the bacterial cell wall recognized by immune receptors.

Viral nucleic acids

Viral RNA or DNA recognized by innate immune sensors.

Bacterial nucleic acids

Bacterial DNA/RNA recognized by innate immune sensors.

Acidic pH

Low pH environments (e.g., phagolysosome) that help kill microbes.

Lysozyme

Antimicrobial enzyme that digests bacterial cell walls.

Defensins

Antimicrobial peptides that disrupt microbial membranes.

Complement system

Group of plasma proteins that augment immune responses (opsonization, lysis, inflammation).

Innate immunity

Non-specific first line of defense against pathogens.

Adaptive immunity

Specific immune response mediated by B and T lymphocytes.

Primary lymphoid tissue

Sites where lymphocytes develop and mature.

Bone marrow

Primary lymphoid tissue where B cells mature and lymphocytes originate.

Thymus

Primary lymphoid tissue where T cells mature.

Secondary lymphoid tissue

Sites where antigen from pathogens is presented to activate lymphocytes.

Lymph nodes

Secondary lymphoid organs that connect circulatory and lymphatic systems and drain extracellular fluid.

Lymphatic system

Network that transports lymph and connects tissues to blood; drains extracellular fluid.

Immediate innate immune responses

Rapid, non-specific defenses that prevent infection and colonization.

Physical barrier

Barriers that prevent infection, including skin and mucosal surfaces.

Skin

Outer protective barrier preventing invasion by pathogens.

Mucus

Viscous secretions that trap and remove pathogens on mucosal surfaces.

Tight junctions

Connections between epithelial cells that seal gaps and prevent entry of microbes.

Tears

Lacrimal secretions that flush pathogens from the eyes.

Epithelial barrier cells

Cells lining the digestive tract and airways that contribute to innate barrier defenses.

Phagocytosis

Engulfment of pathogens by phagocytes.

Antigen presentation

Dendritic cells present antigens to T cells to activate adaptive immunity.

Kick starts adaptive immunity

Monocytes differentiating into macrophages and dendritic cells help initiate adaptive immunity.

Macrophage cytokines

Cytokines released by macrophages that coordinate inflammation and immunity.

Opsonization

Coating of pathogens with opsonins to enhance phagocytosis.

Inflammation

Local immune response with redness, heat, swelling, and pain.

Pattern recognition

Detection of pathogen-associated patterns by innate receptors.

Antigen processing

Processing of pathogens for presentation by antigen-presenting cells.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death that can occur during immune responses and is involved in regulation.