Mechanics of Breathing

Boyle's law

when the volume of a given quantity of gas increases, its pressure decreases

decreases

When the volume of a given quantity of gas increases, its pressure _________

enters

When pressure within the lungs is lower than the atmospheric pressure, air ________the lungs

Intercostal muscles

controls the rib cage
allows it to expand and raise rib cage

Diaphragm

located under the lungs
helps perform respiration through contractions

inhalation

contraction of the diaphragm making it more flat
increases volume and decreases pressure of lungs

Exhalation

relaxation of intercostal muscles
diaphragm relaxes and moves up
intercostal muscles move the ribs down causing volume in lungs to decrease and pressure increases

Tidal volume

lung volume representing the normal volume of air during inhalation and exhalation

Vital Capacity

The maximum amount of air that can be expired after a forceful maximum inspiration

Vital capacity

Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume = _________________

Inspired reserve volume

additional air taken in above tidal inhalation

Expired reserve volume

additional air that can be forced out beyond regular tidal exhalation

12-20

normal breathing per minute

CO2

_____ controls breathing rate

Medulla Oblongata

Senses the CO2 levels, and when it increases, a signal is sent to lungs and diaphragm to increase breathing rate

below

what does the prefix "hypo" mean?

Hypoventilation

occurs when ventilation is inadequate to perform needed gas exchange
increased amount of CO2
signals for shallow and slow breathing

Hyperventilation

over breathing
decreased CO2 in the blood

Hemoglobins

since blood plasma can only carry some oxygen and to help the blood carry oxygen, they use ______________

4

a hemoglobin is a protein composed of (#) polypeptide chains and (#) organic compounds

heme groups

organic compounds in a hemoglobin are called ______ _______

iron

at the centre of the heme group is an atom of _____ which can bind to one molecule of oxygen

4

each hemoglobin can carry (#) oxygen molecules

Oxyhemoglobin

Hemoglobin links up with oxygen in the lungs forming _____________
Bright red in colour

deoxyhemoglobin

As the blood passes through capillaries, it releases some oxygen becoming _______________________
dark red colour

red

Vessels that carry oxygenated blood are depicted as ___

blue

vessels that carry deoxygenated blood are depicted as ____

8

(#%) of removed CO2 in the blood is dissolved in plasma

20

(#%) of CO2 is bound to hemoglobin on the protein portion, not the heme group so there is no competition for the oxygen spots

72

(#%) of CO2 is diffused into red blood cells and reaction turns it into carbonic acid and diffused out