Biopsychology

[Cells of the Nervous System]

______ - Provide scaffolding on which the nervous system is built

[Cells of the Nervous System]

______ - Help neurons line up closely with each other to allow neuronal communication

[Cells of the Nervous System]

______ - Provide insulation to neurons

[Cells of the Nervous System]

______ -

• Transport nutrients and waste products

• Mediate immune responses

Neurons

[Cells of the Nervous System]

______ - Serve as interconnected information processors that are essential for all tasks of the nervous system

semipermeable membrane

In Neuron:

The Outer surface is made of a ______ that:

semipermeable membrane

In Neuron:

_____ -

• allows smaller molecules and molecules without an electrical charge to pass through

• Blocks larger or highly charged molecules

plasma membrane

semipermeable membrane is aka ___ ?

Soma

[Cells of the Nervous System]

_____ -

• Also known as the cell body

• Contains the nucleus of the neuron

Dendrites

[Cells of the Nervous System]

_____ - Serve as input sites where signals are received from other neurons

Axon

[Cells of the Nervous System]

_____ -

• Part of a nerve cell

• Conducts impulses from the cell body to other cells

Synaptic Vesicles

[Cells of the Nervous System]

_____ - House neurotransmitters

Myelin Sheath

[Cells of the Nervous System]

_____ -

• Coats the axon

• Acts as an insulator

• Increases the speed at which the signal travels

Synaptic Cleft

[Cells of the Nervous System]

_____ - Small space between two neurons

Synaptic Cleft

[Cells of the Nervous System]

_____ - Important site where communication between neurons occurs

Receptors

[Cells of the Nervous System]

_____ -

• Proteins on the cell surface where neurotransmitters attach

• Have different shapes that “match” different neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitter

______ - are chemical messengers of the nervous system

Acetylcholine

[What Neurotransmitter]

• Involved in: Muscle action, memory

• Potential effect on behavior: Increased arousal, enhanced cognition

Acetylcholine

[What Neurotransmitter]

• A neurotransmitter that plays a key role in muscle action and memory processing.

• It is associated with increased arousal and enhanced cognitive functioning.

Beta-endorphin

[What Neurotransmitter]

• Involved in: Pain, pleasure

• Potential effect on behavior: Decreased anxiety, decreased tension

Beta-endorphin

[What Neurotransmitter]

• A neurotransmitter that acts as a natural painkiller, providing feelings of pleasure and euphoria.

• It helps reduce anxiety and tension, contributing to overall feelings of well-being.

Dopamine

[What Neurotransmitter]

• Involved in: Mood, sleep, learning, motivation, movement, and cognition

• Potential effect on behavior: Increased pleasure, suppressed appetite

Dopamine

[What Neurotransmitter]

• A neurotransmitter that plays a key role in regulating mood, sleep, learning, motivation, movement, and cognition, often associated with feelings of pleasure.

Gamma-aminobutyric Acid (GABA)

[What Neurotransmitter]

• Involved in: Brain functions, sleep, produces calming effect

• Potential effect on behavior: Decreased anxiety, decreased tension

Gamma-aminobutyric Acid (GABA)

[What Neurotransmitter]

• A major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain that helps regulate anxiety, promotes relaxation, and aids in sleep.

Glutamate

[What Neurotransmitter]

• Involved in: Memory, learning

• Potential effect on behavior: Increased learning, enhanced memory

Glutamate

[What Neurotransmitter]

• A key excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain that plays a crucial role in synaptic plasticity, important for memory and learning processes.

Norepinephrine

[What Neurotransmitter]

• Involved in: Heart, intestines, alertness

• Potential effect on behavior: Increased arousal, suppressed appetite

Norepinephrine

[What Neurotransmitter]

• A neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of arousal, alertness, and stress response, also affecting cardiovascular functions and appetite.

Serotonin

[What Neurotransmitter]

• Involved in: Mood, sleep

• Potential effect on behavior: Modulated mood, suppressed appetite

Serotonin

[What Neurotransmitter]

• A neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in regulating mood, sleep, and appetite, often linked to feelings of well-being and happiness.

c. Enkephalin

NOTE:

• Dopamine = a neurotransmitter that helps control the brain's reward and pleasure centers.

  • High Dopamine = Schizophrenia

  • Low Dopamine = Parkinson’s Disease & Depression

• Epinephrine (Adrenaline)= a neurotransmitter that is associated with fight or flight response.

  o High Epinephrine = Anxiety & Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)

  o Low Epinephrine = Fatigue & poor concentration

• Thorazine = also known as Chlorpromazine is a drug which is primarily used for the treatment of f schizophrenia

What is the synaptic transmitter responsible for inhibiting the sensation of pain?

a. Dopamine

b. Epinephrine

c. Enkephalin

d. Thorazine

Dopamine

[What Neurotransmitter]

• A neurotransmitter that helps control the brain's reward and pleasure centers.

Schizophrenia

High Dopamine → _____ [disease] ?

Parkinson’s Disease & Depression

Low Dopamine → ____ [disease] ?

Epinephrine (Adrenaline)

[What Neurotransmitter]

_____ - is aka adrenaline

Epinephrine (Adrenaline)

[What Neurotransmitter]

_____ - A neurotransmitter associated with the fight or flight response.

Anxiety & Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)

High Epinephrine → _____ ?

Fatigue & Poor Concentration

Low Epinephrine →____ ?

Thorazine (Chlorpromazine)

______ - is aka Chlorpromazine

Thorazine (Chlorpromazine)

A drug primarily used for the treatment of schizophrenia.

Psychoactive drugs

______ - drugs ; Act as agonists or antagonists for a given neurotransmitter system.

Agonists

_______ - are chemicals that mimic a neurotransmitter at the receptor site.

Antagonists

______- are chemicals that block or impede (delay) the normal activity of a neurotransmitter at the receptor.

Reuptake Inhibitors

[Kind of Inhibitor]

______ - Prevent unused neurotransmitters from being transported back to the neuron.

Reuptake Inhibitors

[Kind of Inhibitor]

Effect:

• Allows neurotransmitters to remain active in the synaptic cleft for longer durations

• Increases their effectiveness

Reuptake Inhibitors

—Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) is an example of _____ [What Kind of Inhibitor] ?

Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

[Kind of Inhibitor]

• Strengthen the effect of serotonin

• Give it more time to interact with serotonin receptors on dendrites

Brain and Spinal Cord

______ - are the Two Hemispheres of the Brain

Cerebral Cortex

[Part of Brain] This is associated with higher-level processes such as consciousness, thought, emotion, reasoning, language, and memory

Gyri

[Part of Brain] These are distinctive pattern of folds or bumps on cerebral cortex

Sulci

[Part of Brain] Grooves on cerebral cortex are called ____ ?

Longitudinal Fissure

[Part of Brain]

______ -

• Most prominent sulcus

• Deep groove that separates the brain into two halves (left and right hemispheres).

Left hemisphere

[Part of Brain]

• [Lateralization]

  • Specialization of function of the two hemispheres.

    • _____ hemisphere controls the right half of the body.

Right hemisphere

[Part of Brain]

• [Lateralization]

  • Specialization of function of the two hemispheres.

    • _______ hemisphere controls the left half of the body.

Corpus Callosum

[Part of Brain]

______ -

• Allows the two hemispheres to communicate with each other.

• Allows information processed on one side to be shared with the other side.

• Frontal Lobe

• Parietal Lobe

• Temporal Lobe

• Occipital Lobe

Lobes of the Brain [4]

Frontal Lobe

These two can be found in ____ [what lobe of the brain] ?

• Prefrontal Cortex

• Broca’s Area

Parietal Lobe

The Somatosensory Cortex can be found in ____ [what lobe of the brain] ?

Temporal Lobe

These two can be found in ____ [what lobe of the brain] ?

• Auditory Cortex

• Wernicke’s Area

Prefrontal Cortex

Frontal Lobe

• ______ - : Responsible for higher-level cognitive functioning.

Broca’s Area

Frontal Lobe

• ______ - Essential for language production.

Somatosensory Cortex

Parietal Lobe

• ______- Processes sensory information like touch, temperature, and pain.

Parietal Lobe

[Lobes of the Brain] Involved in processing information from the body’s senses.

Temporal Lobe

[Lobes of the Brain] Responsible for processing auditory information.

Occipital Lobe

[Lobes of the Brain] Responsible for interpreting incoming visual information.

Auditory Cortex

Temporal Lobe

• ______ - Main area for processing auditory information.

Wernicke’s Area

Temporal Lobe

• ______ - Important for speech comprehension.

Thalamus

[Part of Brain]

• Sensory relay for the brain.

• All senses (except smell) are routed through the thalamus before going to other parts of the brain

Limbic System

[Part of Brain]

• Involved in processing both emotion and memory.

Limbic System

[Part of Brain]

• Sense of smell is directly projected to this area.

Hippocampus

[Part of Brain]

• Important structure for learning and memory.

Hypothalamus

[Part of Brain]

• Involved in the experience of emotion.

• Ties emotional meaning to our memories.

Amygdala

[Part of Brain]

• Regulates homeostatic processes: body temperature, appetite, and blood pressure

Amygdala

[Part of Brain]

• Serves as an interface between the nervous system and the endocrine system.

• Involved in regulation of sexual motivation and behavior.

b. cerebrum

NOTE:

• a. limbic system (expression and regulation of emotions)

• b. cerebrum

• c. cerebellum (balance and motor coordination)

• d. hypothalamus (feelings of hunger/satiety; temperature regulation)

1. The center of higher mental process is the

a. limbic system

b. cerebrum

c. cerebellum

d. hypothalamus

a. spinal reflex

2. Tapping the tendon in top of the kneecap result in what is known as knee jerk. This is a test of _____ ?

a. spinal reflex

b. muscle coordination

c. somatic nervous system

d. automatic nervous system

c. increase sexuality

3. Lesions and stimulation of the hypothalamus seems to: ___ ?

a. increase aggressiveness

b. reduce fear

c. increase sexuality

d. produce loss of emotion