Unit 7 - Cognition

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 0 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/73

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

74 Terms

1
New cards

Memory

The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.

2
New cards

Recall

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

3
New cards

Recognition

A measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.

4
New cards

Relearning

A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again.

5
New cards

Encoding

The process of getting information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning.

6
New cards

Storage

The process of retaining encoded information over time.

7
New cards

Retrieval

The process of getting information out of memory storage.

8
New cards

Parallel Processing

Processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions.

9
New cards

Sensory Memory

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

10
New cards

Short-Term Memory

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as digits of a phone number while calling, before the information is stored or forgotten.

11
New cards

Long-Term Memory

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

12
New cards

Working Memory

A newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.

13
New cards

Explicit memory

Retention of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare”. (Also called declarative memory).

14
New cards

Effortful Processing

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

15
New cards

Automatic Processing

Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.

16
New cards

Implicit Memory

Retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection. (Also called nondeclarative memory).

17
New cards

Iconic Memory

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.

18
New cards

Echoic Memory

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.

19
New cards

Chunking

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.

20
New cards

Mnemonics

Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

21
New cards

Spacing Effect

The tendency for distributed study of practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.

22
New cards

Testing Effect

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.

23
New cards

Shallow Processing

Encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words.

24
New cards

Deep Processing

Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention.

25
New cards

Semantic Memory

Explicit memory of facts and general knowledge; one of our two conscious memory systems (the other is episodic memory).

26
New cards

Episodic Memory

Explicit memory of personally experienced events; one of our two conscious memory systems (the other is semantic memory).

27
New cards

Hippocampus

A neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit (conscious) memories—of facts and events—for storage.

28
New cards

Memory Consolidation

The neural storage of a long-term memory.

29
New cards

Flashbulb Memory

A clear, sustained memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.

30
New cards

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

An increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation, a neural basis for learning and memory.

31
New cards

Priming

The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.

32
New cards

Encoding Specificity Principle

The idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it.

33
New cards

Mood-Congruent memory

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood.

34
New cards

Serial Position Effect

Our tendency to recall best the last (recency effect) and first (primacy effect) items in a list.

35
New cards

Anterograde Amnesia

An inability to form new memories.

36
New cards

Retrograde Amnesia

An inability to retrieve information from one’s past.

37
New cards

Proactive Interference

The forward-acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new information.

38
New cards

Retroactive Interference

The backward-acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recall of old information.

39
New cards

Repression

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.

40
New cards

Reconsolidation

A process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again.

41
New cards

Misinformation Effect

Occurs when misleading information has distorted one’s memory of an event.

42
New cards

Source Amnesia

Faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined. (Also called source misattribution.) Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories.

43
New cards

Déjà Vu

That eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before”. Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.

44
New cards

Cognition

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

45
New cards

Concept

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

46
New cards

Prototype

A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin).

47
New cards

Creativity

The ability to produce new and valuable ideas.

48
New cards

Convergent Thinking

Narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution.

49
New cards

Divergent Thinking

Expanding the number of possible problem solutions; creative thinking that diverges in different directions.

50
New cards

Algorithm

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier—but also more error-prone—use of heuristics.

51
New cards

Heuristic

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than an algorithm.

52
New cards

Insight

A sudden realization of a problem’s solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions.

53
New cards

Confirmation Bias

A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.

54
New cards

Fixation

In cognition, the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an obstacle to problem solving.

55
New cards

Mental Set

A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.

56
New cards

Intuition

An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.

57
New cards

Representativeness Heuristic

Estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.

58
New cards

Availability Heuristic

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.

59
New cards

Overconfidence

The tendency to be more confident that correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.

60
New cards

Belief Perseverance

Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.

61
New cards

Framing

The way an issue is posed; how an issue is worded can significantly affect decisions and judgments.

62
New cards

Language

Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.

63
New cards

Phoneme

In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.

64
New cards

Morpheme

In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix).

65
New cards

Grammar

In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. Semantics is the language’s set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds, and syntax is its set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences.

66
New cards

Babbling Stage

Beginning around 4 months, the stage of speech development in which an infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.

67
New cards

One-Word Stage

The stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.

68
New cards

Two-Word Stage

Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements.

69
New cards

Telegraphic Speech

Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—”go car”— using mostly nouns and verbs.

70
New cards

Aphasia

Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impairing understanding).

71
New cards

Broca’s Area

Helps control language expression—an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.

72
New cards

Wernicke’s Area

A brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe.

73
New cards

Linguistic Determinism

The strong form of Whorf’s hypothesis—that language controls the way we think and interpret the world around us.

74
New cards

Linguistic Influence

The weaker form of “linguistic relativity”—the idea that language affects thought (thus our thinking and world view is “relative to” our cultural language).