Key Concepts of the Industrial Revolution and Its Impact

Industrialization

The growth of factories and machine-based production in an economy.

Entrepreneur

A person who starts and runs a business.

Urbanization

The movement of people from rural areas to cities.

Utilitarianism

The idea that the best action benefits the most people.

Enclosure Movement

To bring together farmland to enhance productivity.

Crop Rotation

Rotating crops ensures that soil nutrients are replenished.

Mechanization

Use of automatic machinery to improve production speed.

Factors of Production

Land, Capital, and Labor Entrepreneurs

Land

Natural resources required for production (coal, rivers for power, harbors for trade).

Capital

Financial resources available for investment (money).

Labor

Workforce, including the population increase and migration of farmers to urban areas.

Textile Industry Advances

1733: Invention of the Mechanized Loom to weave cloth.

Spinning Jenny

1760: A machine that spun cotton into thread at eight times the speed of traditional methods.

Cotton Gin

1793: Eli Whitney invented a machine that greatly increased cotton processing efficiency.

Steam Engine

A machine that converts steam into mechanical energy, invented by James Watt in 1769.

Problems with Steam Engines

Major risk of explosions; solutions included implementation of safety valves.

Bessemer Process

A method developed by Henry Bessemer to produce steel by injecting air into molten iron.

Transportation Innovations

Development of steam-powered transportation, including steam boats and locomotives.

Morse Code

A system created by Samuel Morse to communicate using electric currents over long distances.

SOS in Morse Code

Represented by three dots (•••), three dashes (---), and three dots (•••).

The Industrial Revolution helped Middle Class Development

bankers, manufacturers, and professionals.

Mass Production Techniques

Methods including Division of Labor, Interchangeable Parts, and Assembly Line to enhance efficiency.

Corporations

Businesses owned by stockholders, sharing profits, but not liable for debts.

Rise of Banks

Corporations required financing for expansion, exemplified by JP Morgan financing the United States Steel Company.

Adam Smith's Economic Theories

Advocating for free economies reduces government interference.

Self-Interest

Individuals act in their own best interest.

Competition

Drives innovation and product improvement.

Supply and Demand

Determines prices and availability in markets.

Free Enterprise

Let the people do what they want and owners of industry set working conditions, not government.

Labor Issues

Preference for hiring women and children due to lower wages, ability to work longer hours (14-16 hours, 6 days a week), and smaller hands for repair.

Factory Wages

Shift from piece work to hourly wages.

Sex Discrimination

Men earned double what women did for similar labor.

Socialism's Emergence

Result of inequality from laissez-faire economics; calls for more government intervention.

Unions

Initially deemed illegal but later legalized in most Western European countries.

Strikes

Collective bargaining negotiations between workers and employers.

Communism

Belief that wealth is created by labor; under capitalism, laborers only receive a small portion of wealth.

Capitalism

Ownership and control of property and production by individuals and businesses.

Socialism

Public ownership of production means; state control.

Anarchism

Belief in abolishing all government and authority.

Isolationism

A policy of avoiding involvement in other countries' affairs.

Patriotism

Love and support for one's country.

Assimilation

Adopting the culture or customs of another group.

Geopolitics

The influence of geography on politics and international relations.

Annexation

Taking over territory and making it part of another country.

Monroe Doctrine

U.S. policy opposing European interference in the Americas.

Roosevelt Corollary

U.S. claim to intervene in Latin America to keep order.

Trench Warfare

Combat fought from long, dug-out ditches facing each other.

Allies

Countries united against a common enemy in war.

Armistice

An agreement to stop fighting.

Proletariat

Working-class people, especially in industrial societies.

Totalitarianism

A system where the government controls all aspects of life.

Existentialism

A philosophy focused on individual freedom and meaning.

Fascism

A dictatorial, nationalist, and anti-democratic political system.

Appeasement

Giving in to demands to avoid conflict.

Congress of Vienna

Goal was to restore peace and order by restoring Europe's system of Monarchy.

Liberalism

Middle class of educated business people advocating for a laissez-faire economy and natural rights.

Nationalism

People wanted loyalty to their nation, coming from liberalism, enlightenment, and the French Revolution.

February Days

Riots that led to Louis Philippe being overthrown due to no freedoms and corruption from leader.

Economic Recession

A period of economic decline.

June Days

New revolt led by the upper and middle class that resulted in a new constitution.

Realpolitik

Power is more important than principles, system based on needs of the state.

William I

Declared as Emperor (Absolutism here).

Otto von Bismarck

Declared Chancellor and oversaw unifcation of germany

Italy Obstacles to unification:

Congress of Vienna favored Austria.

Motives for Imperialism include

industrialization, need for raw materials, and Social Darwinism.

Social Darwinism

Survival of the fittest.

Paternalism

Westerns thought that others were less developed and needed their help.

Direct Imperialism

They put their own leader in the country and directly rule, imposing culture.

Indirect Imperialism

Locals stay in power but are influenced and advised by European power, with the goal to educate in western ways.

Protectorate

Smaller country is protected by a bigger colony and advised by local rulers.

Sphere of Influence

claiming trading rights and investments in an area.

Political Effects of Imperialism

Cons: unfair laws, not good boundaries, taxes up; Pros: brought peace.

Economic Effects of Imperialism

Cons: used all raw material and became dependent; Pros: built infrastructure to be used and helped the country.

Social Effects of Imperialism

Cons: converted to Christianity and lost native culture; Pros: public health and education for all.

White man's burden

It makes imperialism more of a moral duty, but it is rooted in a racial and paternalism way.

World War I Causes

Nationalism, Imperialism, Unification of Germany, Alliances, Militarism, Assassination of Franz Ferdinand.

Triple Alliance

Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary.

Franco-Russian Alliance

Alliance between Russia and France.

Franz Ferdinand

He was the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, assassinated by a Serb nationalist.

Treaty of Versailles

Ended World War I between Germany and the Allied powers; Germany accepted guilt and had to pay reparations.

Kamikazes

Japanese pilots who carried out suicide attacks by crashing their planes into enemy ships.

Demilitarization

Reducing or eliminating a country's military forces and weapons.

Proxy War

A conflict where major powers support opposing sides but do not fight each other directly.

Cold War

A period of intense rivalry and tension between the U.S. and Soviet Union after WWII, without direct fighting.

Brinkmanship

Pushing a dangerous situation to the edge of conflict to force the other side to back down.

Domino Theory

The belief that if one country falls to communism, neighboring countries will also fall.

Mao Zedong

The communist leader who founded the People's Republic of China.

Franklin D Roosevelt

U.S. president during the Great Depression and most of World War II.

Machine Gun (During WWII)

Automatic weapon that could fire many bullets rapidly, changing battlefield tactics.

The car (mass production during WWII)

Automobile production was adapted for making military vehicles and equipment on a large scale.

The plane (WWII)

Aircraft were crucial for bombing, transport, and air combat during the war.

The Great Depression

A severe global economic crisis from 1929 to about 1939, marked by mass unemployment and poverty.

Hitler's rise to power

Hitler became Chancellor and rejected the Treaty of Versailles.

Nuremberg laws

Laws enacted in Nazi Germany that discriminated against Jews.

Blitzkrieg

A swift and sudden military offensive, particularly used by Germany to invade Poland.

Stalin's takeover

when Lenin died and created a god-like figure for himself.

Non-aggression pact

An agreement made between Stalin and Germany to avoid conflict.

European Theater

The theater of war in Europe during WWII, beginning with Germany's invasion of Poland.

D-Day

The Allied invasion of Normandy Beach, marking a turning point in WWII.

Battle of Berlin

The final major offensive of the European Theater in WWII, leading to Hitler's suicide.