CC Human Bio and Physiology Chap 2

Biochemistry

study of the chemical composition and reactions of living matter

organic compounds

contain carbon and are made by living things

inorganic compounds

compounds that usually lack carbon

isomers

molecular formula but their atoms are arranged differently and they have different chemical properties

condensation(dehydration) reaction

water molecules join by two monosaccharides form a bond

hydrolysis reaction

adding water to disaccharides to break the bonds into monosaccharides

hydrophobic

water fearing

hydrophillic

water loving

peptide bond

bond between two amino acids by a dehydration reaction

enzymes

globular proteins that act as biological catalysts to regulate and speed up rate of chemical reactions

substrate

a substance on which an enzyme acts on

active site

part of the enzyme that fits and interacts chemically with other molecule

activation energy

certain amount of energy required to start the reaction

phosphorylation

an enzyme transfers the third phosphate group to another molecule to give it energy to do work

what is the structure of carbohydrates

contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a 2:1 ratio

what is the function of carbohydrates

provide energy

what is the monomer of carbohydrates

monosaccharides

what is an example of carbohydrates

glucose, sucrose, starch, glycogen

define monosaccharides

single chain or single ring structures containing 3-7 carbon atoms with carbon, hydrogen, oxygen ratio of 1:2:1

example of monosaccharides

pentose(5 carbons): ribose

hexose(6 carbons): glucose

define disaccharides

double sugar- two monosaccharides joined by condensation reaction

examples of disaccharides

sucrose(table sugar)= glucose+fructose

lactose(milk sugar)=glucose+galactose

maltose(malt sugar)=glucose+glucose

define polysaccharides

multiple simple sugars linked together; starch, cellulose, glycogen

what is starch

many glucose molecules linked together for storage in plants

what is cellulose

found in plants that humans can’t digest, but it is important for bulk movement in digestive system

what is glycogen

highly branched with many glucose molecules linked together for storage in animals in liver and muscles

what is the structure of lipids

contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

what are the functions of lipids

provide energy for cell membrane

what is the monomer of lipids

fatty acids

examples of lipids

triglyceride, phospholipid

saturated fatty acids

single covalent bonds, saturated by hydrogens, and form a solid and are straight

unsaturated fatty acids

contain one or more double bonds which causes the chain to kink or bend, and they form a liquid

trans fats

H atoms have been added to straighten the chain and make it solid

define phospholipids

modified triglycerides with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group and nitrogen group

define steroids

flat molecules made of four interlocking hydrogen rings

define eicosanoids

derived from a 20-carbon fatty acid found in all plasma membranes

what is the structure of proteins

contains a carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfer

examples of protein

enzyme, hemoglobin, collagen

what is the function of proteins

rates of reaction, muscles, immunity

monomers of protein

amino acids

what are the 4 structural levels of protein

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

primary structure

linear structure of amino acids

secondary structure

linear chain twists and bends; alpha helix and beta pleated sheets

alpha helix

coiling of the chain with hydrogen bonds between the NH and CO groups

beta pleated sheets

pleated ribbon-like structure with side by side hydrogen bonds

tertiary structure

produce a more compact globular molecule with the R groups involved in bonding

quaternary structure

two or more polypeptide chains combine to form a complex protein

fibrous proteins

structural proteins that form long strands

example of fibrous proteins

collagen- packed side by side to form a strong ropelike structure

globular proteins

functional proteins that form compact spherical proteins

explain enzyme action

the substrate bind to the enzyme active site, temporarily forming an enzyme substrate complex. then the enzyme substrate complex undergoes internal rearrangements that form the products and releases the productions

what is the structure of nucleic acids

largest molecules in the body and are composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus

examples of nucleic acid

DNA, RNA, ATP

function of nucleic acid

genetic information

monomers of nucleic acid

nucleotides

protein denaturation

when the protein looses its function because it an acid or chemical gets added to it

apoenzyme

the protein part of the enzyme

cofactor

the other element in the enzyme

why carbon makes up major compounds of life

because carbon can bond to 4 other elements to make many different molecules

example of globular proteins

enzymes