APUSH Period 7.2 Terms

Quiz Date 3/7/25

Adkins v. Children's Hospital

Overturned Muller v. Oregon; ruled that minimum wage laws for women were unconstitutional, reversing worker protections

Kellogg-Briand Pact

International agreement signed by 62 nations to outlaw war as a tool of diplomacy; ineffective since there was no enforcement mechanism

Fordney McCumber Tariff

Raised tariffs to protect US industries, but hurt international trade, worsening global economic instability

Teapot Dome Scandal

Corruption scandal during Harding's presidency, where Albert Fall illegally leased federal oil reserves to private companies

McNary-Haugen Bill

Proposed to help struggling farmers by government purchasing surplus crops; vetoed by Coolidge, showing Republican resistance to economic intervention

Dawes Plan

US plan to reconstruction German reparations and stabilize the economy by loaning money to Germany, who then paid Britain and France, who paid US

Hawley Smoot Tariff

Raised US tariffs to record levels, worsening the Great Depression by crippling international trade

Black Tuesday

Stock market crash that triggered the Great Depression

Hoovervilles

Shantytowns built by homeless Americans during Great Depression, named after President Hoover, whom many blamed for crisis

Rugged Individualism

Hoover's belief that Americans should help themselves rather than rely on government aid during Great Depression

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Hoover's program that lent money to banks/businesses in attempt to stimulate economy; largely ineffective

Bonus Army

WWI veterans marched on Washington demanding early payment of their bonuses; Hoover had them forcibly removed, damaging his reputation.

Brain Trust

Group of advisors/economists who helped FDR craft New Deal policies

New Deal

FDR's program to combat Great Depression through relief, recovery, and reform programs

First 100 Days

FDR's early presidency where Congress passed a record number of New Deal reforms to stabilize the economy

Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act

Created Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) which insured bank deposits and separated commercial/investment banking

Civilian Conservation Corps

Provided jobs for young men to work on conservation projects like planting trees/building parks

National Recovery Administration

Encouraged businesses to set fair wages/prices; later declared unconstitutional

Agricultural Adjustment Administration

Paid farmers to reduce crop production to raise prices; criticized for wasting food during Depression

Dust Bowl

Severe drought and soil erosion in the Great Plains, forcing thousands of Okies to migrate west to California

Federal Securities Act/"Truth in Securities Act

Required companies to disclose truthful financial info to prevent stock market fraud

Tennessee Valley Authority

Built dams/hydroelectric plants in Tennessee Valley to provide jobs/electricity

Social Security Act of 1935

Established pensions for elderly, unemployed insurance, and aid for disabled

Wagner Act

Strengthened labor unions, guaranteeing workers' rights to organize/collectively bargain

Fair Labor Standards Act

Established minimum wage, max work hours, and banned child labor

Congress of Industrial Organizations

Major labor union that organized unskilled and industrial workers

Court Packing Plan

FDR's controversial proposal to add more justices to Supreme Court to prevent them from striking down New Deal laws; failed

Keynesianism

Economic theory by John Maynard Keynes advocating government spending to boost demand during economic downturns

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR's policy of non-intervention in Latin America, replacing Roosevelt Corollary imperialism

Rome-Berlin Axis

Alliance between Mussolini and Hitler before WWII

Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, 1937, 1939

Series of laws aimed at keeping US out of WWII by limiting arms sales and loans to warring nations

Abraham Lincoln Brigade

American volunteered who fought against Francisco Franco's fascists in Spanish Civil War

Quarantine Speech

FDR's speech suggesting economic pressure against aggressive nations; signaled shift away from strict neutrality

Appeasement

British and French policy of giving in to Hitler's territorial demands (ex: Munich Agreement) to avoid war

Hitler-Stalin Pact

Non-aggression pact between Germany and Soviet Union, allowing Hitler to invade Poland, starting WWII

Kristallnacht

"Night of Broken Glass" Nazi attack on Jewish businesses and synagogues, marking a major escalation of anti-Semitic policies

War Refugee Board

US agency that helped Jewish refugees escape Nazi persecution

Lend-Lease Bill

Allowed US to send weapons and supplies to Allies without direct involvement in WWII

Atlantic Charter

Agreement between FDR and Churchill outlining post-war goals, including self-determination and free trade

Pearl Harbor

Japanese attack on US Pacific Fleet in Hawaii; led to US entry in WWII

Executive Order 9066

Ordered the internment of Japanese Americans during WWII

War Production Board

Oversaw war industries and production of weapons, vehicles, and supplies for war effort

Office of Price Administration

Controlled inflation by regulating prices and rationing goods for war effort

National War Labor Board

Settled labor disputes to prevent strikes during the war that would limit soldiers' goods

Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act

Allowed government to seize striking industries critical to war effort

Bracero Program

Allowed Mexican laborers to work in US on temporary contracts

Fair Employment Practices Commission

Banned racial discrimination in defense jobs

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

Civil rights organization that fought against segregation using nonviolent protests

Code Talkers

Navajo soldiers who used their language to create unbreakable codes in Pacific Theater

Battle of Midway

Turning point in Pacific, where US crippled Japan's navy

D-Day

On June 6th (my birthday ._.) Allied invasion of Normandy, opening a Western Front against Nazi Germany

V-E Day

Victory in Europe, marking Germany's surrender

Potsdam Conference

Meeting of Allied leaders to demand Japan's unconditional surrender

Manhattan Project

Secret US project that developed the atomic bomb for Hiroshima and Nagasaki to induce Japanese surrender in WWII.