Unit 7 AP Psychology test

How are the ego and superego alike, and how are they different?

Both are parts of Freud’s personality theory that influence behavior. The ego follows the reality principle and makes practical decisions, while the superego represents morals and conscience.

How are repression and regression alike, and how are they different?

Both are Freudian defense mechanisms that reduce anxiety. Repression pushes painful thoughts out of awareness, while regression involves reverting to childlike behaviors.

How are intrinsic and extrinsic motivation alike, and how are they different?

Both explain why people engage in behaviors. Intrinsic motivation comes from internal enjoyment, while extrinsic motivation comes from external rewards or punishments.

How are eustress and distress alike, and how are they different?

Both are forms of stress that cause arousal. Eustress is positive and motivating, while distress is negative and harmful.

How are adaptive and maladaptive behaviors alike, and how are they different?

Both are ways of coping with situations. Adaptive behaviors are healthy and effective, while maladaptive behaviors interfere with functioning.

How are the TAT and Rorschach tests alike, and how are they different?

Both are projective personality tests. The TAT uses pictures and asks people to tell stories, while the Rorschach uses inkblots and asks what the person sees.

How are internal and external locus of control alike, and how are they different?

Both explain how people interpret life outcomes. Internal locus of control means outcomes result from personal effort, while external locus of control means outcomes result from luck or outside forces.

How are source traits and surface traits alike, and how are they different?

Both describe personality characteristics. Surface traits are observable behaviors, while source traits are underlying causes of behavior.

Performance increases with arousal up to an optimal point, then decreases if arousal becomes too high.

Yerkes–Dodson Law

Physiological arousal occurs first, followed by the emotion.

James-Lange theory of emotion

Physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously.

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Emotion is the result of physiological arousal plus a cognitive label.

Schachter-Singer (Two-Factor Theory)

What are the Big Five personality traits?

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.

What is Sigmund Freud known for?

Psychoanalysis; id, ego, and superego.

What is Carl Jung known for?

Collective unconscious and archetypes.

What is Hermann Rorschach known for?

Rorschach Inkblot Test.

What is Abraham Maslow known for?

Hierarchy of Needs.

What is Carl Rogers known for?

Humanistic psychology and unconditional positive regard.

What is Gordon Allport known for?

Trait theory of personality.

What is Karen Horney known for?

Neo-Freudian theory emphasizing social relationships.

What is Hans Eysenck known for?

Personality dimensions and trait theory.

What is Albert Bandura known for?

Social learning theory and observational learning.

What is Stanley Schachter known for?

Two-factor theory of emotion.

What is Martin Seligman known for?

Learned helplessness and positive psychology.

1. Adam loved the girlfriend who dumped him, but acts as if he’s glad to be rid of her. His behavior most clearly illustrates which of the following Freudian defense mechanisms? 

(A) Repression

(B) Projection

(C) Reaction Formation  

(D) Regression

c

2. Which part of the Freudian personality system is guided by morals and doing the right thing? 

(A) Id 

(B) Ego

(C) Unconscious 

(D) Superego 

d

3. What is the name of a projective test consisting of random pictures and scenes that people are asked to tell a story about? 

(A) TAT

(B) Enneagram

(C) 16 Personalities

(D) Rorschach 

a

4. A relatively permanent characteristic of personality that can be used to predict behavior is ________. 

(A) The Id

(B) The Ego

(C) A Trait

(D) A Defense Mechanism

c

5. When asked why he wants to become a doctor, Tom says, “Because I’ve always liked biology and being a doctor will allow me to make a good salary to take care of a family.” His answer is most consistent with which of the following theories of motivation? 

(A) Drive Reduction 

(B) Incentive

(C) Hierarchy of Needs

(D) Arousal 

b

6. The James-Lange theory of emotion states that________. 

(A) Emotional awareness precedes our physiological response to a stressful event

(B) Emotional expression follows awareness of our physiological response to an arousing event 

(C) An arousing event simultaneously triggers both a cognitive awareness and a physiological response

(D) The level of fear we first feel when we ride a roller coaster is reduced each time we experience the same event until thrill replaces it 

b

7. Homeostasis refers to ________. 

(A) Arousal of the sympathetic nervous system

(B) A tendency for individuals to behave consistently when highly motivated

(C) A need state resulting from the physiological experience of hunger or thirst

(D) The body’s tendency to maintain a balanced internal state

d

8. During junior high, the typical student is preoccupied with making friends. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs is he or she satisfying? 

(A) Physiological Needs

(B) Safety Needs

(C) Love and Belonging Needs

(D) Esteem Needs

c

9. Adit really likes the appearance of the Chevy Blazer his friend is selling, but knows he should be more conservative with his money. What type of conflict situation is he facing? 

(A) Approach-Approach

(B) Approach-Avoidance

(C) Avoidance-Avoidance

(D) Multiple Approach-Avoidance

b

10. Which of the following most accurately reflects our current understanding of basic facial expressions? 

(A) Facial expressions are universally recognized and displayed by all cultures

(B) Facial expressions are universally recognized but highly variable in how they are displayed

(C) Cultures vary in their interpretation and display of the six most common facial expressions

(D) Facial expressions are learned through modeling of basic facial expressions by parents 

b