Animal Nutrition Flashcards

Flashcards about Animal Nutrition

What is Nutrition?

Series of processes by which an organism takes in and assimilates food for promoting growth and reproduction and replacing damaged or injured tissues.

What are Nutrients?

Any feed constituent, or a group of feed constituents that aids in the support of life

What is Digestion?

Process of breaking down of feed particles into suitable products for absorption.

What is Chemical Digestion?

HCl makes the disinfection possible; with a pH of 2, it kills bacteria and begins to break apart food.

What is Pepsin?

The enzyme that digests protein.

What are Enzymes?

Also known as “organic catalyst” and complex protein produced in living cells.

What is Absorption?

Transfer of substance from gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) to the circulatory (blood or lymph) system.

What is Metabolism?

Combination of anabolic (simple to complex) and catabolic (complex to simple) reactions with the liberation of energy.

What is a Non-Ruminant Animal?

Monogastric (simple stomach, non-functional cecum) digestive system (dogs, cats, minks, pigs, catfish)

What is a Ruminant Animal?

Complex stomach (cattle, goats, sheep, buffaloes, camels)

What is an Avian animal?

Chickens, ducks, turkeys

What are Carnivores?

Flesh eaters (dogs and cats)

What are Herbivores?

Vegetarians (cattle and horse)

What are Omnivores?

Flesh and plant eaters (pig and man)

What are Granivores?

Grain feeders (birds)

What is Pregastric fermentation?

Predominant site of microbial fermentation preceeding the stomach (gastric pouch) and small intestine

What is Hindgut fermentation?

Predominant site of microbial fermentation following the SI

What is Monogastric, non-functional cecum?

Have no major specialized site of microbioal fermentation in their digestive tracts; some microbial fermentation occurs in colon

What is Water?

Cheapest and most abundant feed nutrient

What are the sources of water?

Drinking water, feeds, metabolic

Why is water so important to the body?

Accounts for 90-95% of blood and many tissues contain 70-90% water

What are Carbohydrates?

Sugar, starch, cellulose & gums

What are the Functions of Carbohydrates?

Metabolize as source of energy; Converted into glycogen (animal starch); Converted into fats as energy reserve; Accessory functions: for milk and egg production; As source of fiber (esp. ruminant)

What is a Monosaccharide?

Single glycose unit

What are examples of Monosaccharides?

Aldose – glucose, galactose, mannose; Ketose – fructose

What is an Oligosaccharide?

2-10 glycose units

What are examples of Disaccharides?

Maltose: glucose + glucose; Cellobiose: glucose + glucose; Sucrose: glucose + fructose; Lactose: glucose + galactose

What are Polysaccharides?

Glycans, >10 glycoses

What are examples of Polysaccharides?

Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Lignin

What is the Mouth?

Where initial digestion takes place.

What is the Cecum?

Non-Starch Polysaccharide and Fiber are fermented by microbes to make enzymes and make it available to the birds.

What is a Protein?

Building blocks are called amino acids

What are the functions of Protein?

Structural component; Metabolic activities as enzymes; Tissue maintenance and repair; For animal’s growth and development; Endocrine control as hormones; Production (meat, milk, egg and wool)

What is an aliphatic Amino Acid?

C Chain with NH2, COOH

What is an Aromatic Amino Acid?

Benzene Ring

What is a Heterocyclic Amino Acid?

Closed Chain or Ring

What is an Essential Amino Acid?

Must be supplied through the diet since animals’ body can’t synthesize it.

What is a Nonessential Amino Acid?

Not supplied in the diet since animals’ body can synthesize it.

Which Amino Acid is absorbed the fastest?

Neutral AA

What are examples of a Limiting Amino Acid?

Lysine – first LAA of corn-soy diets in growing pigs; Methionine and cystine – common LAA in poultry corn-soy diet

What defines a Good Quality Protein?

Has a desirable balance of EAA; high BV (eg. Milk, meat meal, fish meal, soybean)

What is By-pass protein?

Proteins not acted upon by microbial fermentation in the rumen which may result to better protein utilization and performance of animals.

What are the Functions of Lipids?

Stored/reserved energy; Cell plasma membrane components; Fat-soluble vitamin carrier; Insulation and lubrication; Add palatability

What are Simple Lipids?

Triglycerides (fats and oils)

What are Compound lipids?

Glycolipids, lipoproteins, phospholipids

What are Non-glycerol based lipids?

Wax, cholesterol, vitamin D, pigments, pigments

What is a Fatty acid?

Basic constituents of other lipids

What is a Saturated Fatty Acid?

Contains no double bond

What is an Unsaturated Fatty Acid?

Contains one or more double bonds and with lower melting point

What is an Essential Fatty Acid?

Cannot be synthesized by the animal or at least not in sufficient amounts to prevent pathological effects and hence must be supplied

What are examples of Essentail Fatty Acids?

Linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acid

What are Triglycerides?

Made up of fatty acids and glycerol (some other alcohol) bound together by ester bond

What are Oils?

Triglycerides that have low melting point and tend to be liquid at room temperature

What are Phospholipids?

Consists of glycerol with long chain FA and Phosphoric acid, and nitrogen base; Essential component of animal cell mem and lipid transport in plasma, and for digestion of fats

What are Steroids?

Large group of compounds in plants and animals

What are Minerals?

Inorganic crystalline solid; also called ash; 5% of animal body weight

What are Features of an essential mineral?

An active part of the structure of the body; Plays an important role in some enzymes, hormones and other such compounds; Its removal in the diet causes deficiency and can be reversed by the addition of the mineral in question

What are Macrominerals?

Minerals needed in large amount; Requirement is expressed as percentage of the diet

What are Microminerals?

Required by animals in very minute amount; Expressed in ppm or mg/kg

Name some Macrominerals:

Ca, P, K, Na, Cl, S, Mg

Name some Microminerals:

Co, Fe, Cu, I, Mn, Mo, Se, Zn, Fl, Ni, Cr

What are general mineral functions?

Skeletal formation and maintenance - (Ca,P,Mg,Cu,Mn); Function in protein synthesis - (P,S,Zn); Oxygen transport - (Fe,Cu); Fluid balance (osmotic pressure) – (Na,Cl,K); Regulating the acid-base balance of the entire systems (Ca,P,K,Mg,Fe,Cu,Mn,Zn); Mineral-vitamin relationship (Ca,P,Co,Se)

What are functions of Calcium?

Bone and teeth formation (99% of body calcium); Muscle contraction; Nerve impulse transmission and neuromuscular excitability; Blood clotting; Activation of enzyme; Effect on membrane permeability

What results from a defiency in calcium?

Rickets and osteomalacia/osteoporosis; Parturient paresis (eclampsia or milk fever); Decreased egg production and shell malformation.

What are functions of Phosphorus?

Component of protein, soft tissues, nucleic acid, energy compounds, Buffer in the ECF and anion in the ICF, Energy and fat metabolism; Milk and egg production

What results from too much phosphorus?

Depresses Ca absorption

What are functions of Sodium (Na), Chlorine (Cl), and Potassium (K)?

Maintenance of osmotic pressure and acid base balance; Control of nutrient passage into the cells; Water metabolism

What results from a defiency in Sodium Chloride (NaCl)?

Pica in milking cows; Cannibalism and poor growth in poultry

What results from a defiency in Potassium (K)?

Weakness; Tetany and paralysis; Heart and kidney lesions

What are the functions of Sulfur (S)?

Component of Amino acids, vitamins, hormones, bile acids, cartilage

What results from a defiency in Iron (Fe)?

Hypochromic, microcytic anemia; Decreased resistance to disease; Pica; Achromotrichia in chickens

What are functions of Copper (Cu)?

Important in Fe absorption and metabolism; Hb synthesis and RBC maturation; Part of metaloenzymes; For normal osteoblastic activity and collagen/elastin/keratin formation

What results from a defiency in Copper (Cu)?

Swayback or enzootic ataxia in newborn kid, lamb, and calf; Bone abnormalities; Bleaching or depigmentation of colored hair and black wool; Falling disease (Australia), peat scours (New Zealand) and Teartness (England)

What results from a defiency in Iodine (I)?

Goiter (common in young); Hairlessness at birth; Weakness or death of newly born; Bloats

What is the function of Cobalt?

Important component of vitamin B12

What results from a defiency in Manganese Mn?

Reproductive problems; Perosis; Chondrodystrophy

What are functions of Zinc (Zn)?

Constituent of enzyme carbonic anhydrase, glutamic acid/alcohol dehydrogenase, carboxypeptidase

What results from a defiency in Zinc (Zn)?

Parakeratosis (swine); Shortening and thickening of long bones and poor feathering in chickens

What are funcitons of Selenium Se?

For Vit E absorption and utilization; Antioxidant (glutathione peroxidase); Maintenance of normal cell function and membrane health

What result from a defiency in Selenium Se?

Alopecia and loss of nails; pain and paralysis

What are the functions of Chromium?

A cofactor with insulin; A component of glucose tolerant factor; For energy metabolism; Stabilizes Nucleic acid

What results from a defiency in Chromium?

Diabetic-like condition