Global 9H - Byzantine Empire, Russia, & Mongols

Byzantine Empire

• Eastern ½ of Europe

• Flourished after the fall of Western portion of Rome.

Constantinople

• Capital city of Byzantine

• Located near Mediterranean and Black Seas

• Known as Europes biggest marketplace

• Blended Greek, Roman, Christian and other influences, with traditions of the Mediterranean World.

Justinian

• Emperor in which Byzantine reached it peak under.

• Ruled with wife Theodora (527-565)

• Was an autocrat

• Had power over the church

• expanded to greatest extent

• Captured parts of Africa, Italy, and Southern Spain.

autocrat

• Single ruler with complete authority

• ex: Justinian of Byzantine Empire

Hagia Sophia

Orthodox Christian Church rebuilt by Justinian.

Justinian Code

• Body of Civil Law

• Codified Law System

• Made up of Ancient Roman Laws & Writings

• Developed to create order in society

• Addressed issue of the individual and the state

The Great Schism of 1054

• W Europe - Roman Catholic Church

• E Europe - Orthodox Christianity

Roman Catholicism

• Priests cannot marry

• Main Language: Latin

• Views icons as idolatry

• Main City : Rome

• Main Leader: Pope

• Mary was born without sin

Orthodox Christianity

• Priests can marry

• Main Language: Greek

• Use icons during worship

• Main City : Constantinople

• Main leader: Patriarch

• Only Christ was without sin.

Significance of Great Schism

• No unifying factor in Europe

• Weakened power of Church

• Pope Urban called Crusades to reunite the Church, failed.

decline and fall of byzantine empire

• Lost much land from invading armies

• Completely crumbled when Ottomans took capital in 1453.

ottoman empire

• Great muslim civilizations

• Viewed Constantinople as important because of its crossroad between Europe and Asia.

• Renamed Istanbul and became capital of Ottoman Empire

• Hagia Sophia turned into a mosque.

• Istanbul became a great center of Muslim culture.

geography of russia

• Stretches from Europe to Asia

• nomadic slavic people settled in the area

• also invaded by vikings

kiev

• capital of present day ukraine

• center of 1st Russian state

• slavic and viking began to mix

• trade brought the Kiev civilization and byzantine together

orthodox Christianity influence

• Christian missionaries from Constantinople were sent to convert slavs in kiev

• 863 - brothers Cyril and methodius - converted the Bible into slavic language

• adapted greek into Cyrillic - the written script that is still used today in Russia and other parts of Europe.

trade in byzantine

• Russias network of rivers provided transportation for people and goods.

• through trade and contact with missionaries, the Russians adopted byzantine traditions such as ..

  ○ Eastern Orthodox christianity

  ○ Cyrillic alphabet

  ○ art and architecture

• eventually conquered by mongols

  — nomadic group from Central Asia

rise of moscow

• The princes of Moscow increased their power

•   SUCCESS WAS DUE TO

• Moscow's location near important trade routes

•   Leader of Orthodox Christianity made Moscow his capital- became both a religious & political center

•   As Mongol power declined- the princes of Moscow took a new role in driving out foreign rule

Ivan the great

•   Contributed to Moscow's success

•   1462-1505- Ivan brought northern Russia under his rule

•   Built the framework for absolute rule

•   Limited the power of the landowning nobles
  Became the first Russian tsar/ czar- Russian for "Caesar" in 1504

•   Adopted Byzantine court rituals- show that Russia would become heir to Byzantine Power

Ivan the terrible

•   Grandson of Ivan the Great

•   Further Centralized power by:

•   Limiting the power/ privileges of the land owning nobles (boyars)

•   At a time when feudalism was fading from Western Europe- Ivan introduced it to the Russians

•   Introduced laws that tied serfs to their land

Ivan’s instability

•   Had an brutal temper

•   Hired secret police to enforce his will

•   Slaughtered any rebellious landowner & sacked towns where people were suspected of disloyalty

• His introduction of absolute rule would shape Russian history into the 1900s

rise of mongols

•   Nomadic group from Central Asia

•   Infamous skilled horse riders, fierce warriors, and archers

•   Legacy:

•   Created the largest land Empire in history

•   Conquered much of Asia & part of Europe

•   In 1279, it was the first foreign group to gain complete control of
  China

•   Known as the Yuan Dynasty

•   Encouraged an exchange of goods and ideas between East and West

genghis khan

•   Supreme ruler of the Mongolian Empire

•   Original name- Temujin

•   Used excellent military skills to create the Mongol Empire

•   His armies advanced to Persia, India, and Northern China

•   United the Mongol nomads together

• sucessor: Kublai Khan- grandson

mongol victories

•   Due to:

•   Superior military, horseback, & archery skills

•   Cultural diffusion

•   Borrowing military technology from the Chinese and the Turks

•   Strong military leaders

•   United warring nomadic tribes

mongolian empire

•   At its peak, stretched throughout:

•   Central Asia

•   China

•   Russia

•   Southwest Asia

•   India

how mongols ruled

•   Conquered areas through terror and destruction

•   However:

•   Tolerant of other religions

•   Conquered people lived as they did before being taken over

pax mongolia

•   Period of political stability: "Mongol Peace"

• Increased trade between the Europe and Asia

Silk Road

•   Became dangerous after the fall of Rome

•   The Mongols made it useable & safe again

•   Products such as gunpowder & porcelain flowed to the West

• Allowed for Mongol expansion into Asia &
  Europe

age of exploration

•   Reinstatement of the Silk Road and trade allowed for Europeans to increase their curiosity about Asia, Africa, and the Middle East

•   As a result:

•   Marco Polo- an Italian Merchant- traveled to China in the late

• 1200s

•   Did so to explore his interest in Asian culture

•   Wrote a book about his adventures/time in Asia

•   Increased Europeans need/want to travel to these areas

• Impacted the Age Exploration

mongols Influence Russian rule

• brought peace between china and eastern europe

• absolute power of mongols served as a model for Russian rulers

• cut Russians off from western europe when europeans were advancing in art and science during renaissance

decline and fall of the empire

• land was too large for one ruler to govern

• difficulty in communication

• little experience in government

• death of strong leaders broke up unity

• subject to invaders