phs chapter 1 history of health science doc

what did prehistoric people believe caused illness

it was said that illness is caused by evil spirits and gods

what role did herbs play in early healing practices

poultices of herb for wounds

what is the Latin root of the word herb and what does it mean

the Latin name of the herb is herba meaning plant

what does the term spiritual derive from and what does it signify

originates from the Latin word "spiritualis," meaning "of or pertaining to the spirit

what is a poultice and how was it used in early medicine

it was a soft, moist mass applied to the body to relieve inflammation, often made from herbs. mashed up herbs wounds

what pain relieving substance is found in willow bark

contains salicylic acid early aspirin which is used to relieve pain.

define trapanation and explain its purpose in ancient cultures

Trepanation, also known as trephination, is a surgical procedure that involves drilling or scraping a hole into the skull

what does the Greek root trypanon mean

meaning bore

what archaeological evidence suggests prehistoric people survived trepanation

archaeological evidence suggests prehistoric people in various parts of the world survived trepanation, a surgical procedure involving drilling or scraping a hole in the skull.

who was otzi the Iceman and what does he reveal about early me

Otzi the Iceman he got tattoos into the health practices, diet, and lifestyle of prehistoric people.

what medicinal items did otzi carry

otzi carried fungus like pehicillin and other antibiotic,laxative

how did religion influence Egyptian views on illness

egyptian views on illness they think were linked to gods and spirits

who was imhotep and why is he significant in medical history

imhotep was known as god medicine use potions and remedies,medical knowledge of the egyptians focus on hygiene,diet,and basic surgery

what does it mean that imhotep was deified

he was known to the status of a god after his death

what 2 major medical texts came from ancient Egypt

the Edwin Smith Papyrus and the Ebers Papyrus

what type of information was found in the smith papyrus

practical treatments like stitching, bandages,and antiseptics

what did the ebers papyrus contain

spells and diagaosis remedies for various countains 700 various

what is the origin of the world papyrus

papyros this the word oirgin of the word papyrus

break down the word antiseptic into prefix and root

anti=against, spectics = disease

how did mummification contribute to anatomical knowledge

by examining the internal body parts analyzing it and remove it

what are the 4 humors in Greek medicine

blood,yellow bile,black bile,phlegm

what did Greek physicians caused illness

inbalance in four humor: blood,yellow bile,black bile,phlegm

what does the Latin root umor mean

the Latin word of umor is humor

who was hippocrates and what is his significance

father of western medicine promoted observation and systematization

what does acute mean and what is its Latin root

acute Latin root is sharp

what does chronic mean and is it's Greek root

chronic latin root is long time

what practices did hippocrates advocate for patient care

observent approach to patient

how did Hippocratic medicine differ from religious explanations

in religious they will say god was punched through illiness and hippocratic tells that naturalist and rational understanding of health and disease. 

who was Galen and what was his contribution to medicine

synthesized hippocrates and Greek ideas, dissected animals for anatomical knowledge

what type of patients did galen treat that informed his knowledge

Gladiators

how long Galen ideas dominate medicine

for over 1,400 years

what public health innovations did the Roman create

aqueducts baths, sanitation systems

name three surgical tools used by Roman physicians

used scalpels,hooks,saws

how did medical knowledge change during the dark ages

decline of scientific medicine return to superstition,prayer and religious rituals

what role did superstition play in medicine this period

understanding and tretament of illiness

what caused medicine to regress after the fall of Rome

the rise of religious and spiritual powered illiness

when did black death occur and how many people died

1347-1351 killed one third of Europe

what bacteria caused the black death

yersinia pestis

how was the plague spread

via fleas on rats

what were the symptoms of the bubonic plague

fever,buboes,gangrene,bloodletting,charms

what does the term bubo mean and where does it come from

bubo greek boobon gron swelling

what treatment were used for plague victims in medieval Europe

leaches,removing blood from their bodies

why did many people blame themselves for getting sick

it can regain some power that I did something wrong

what were alchemists attempting to discover

mixed science with mysticism

how did alchemists contribute to the development of pharmacology

philosophy, and mysticism, played a significant role in laying the foundation for modern medicine and pharmacology.

in what way were alchemists both mystics and chemists

Alchemists were figures of great intrigue in the ancient and medieval worlds, often portrayed as both deeply mystical and engaged

what is qi and how does it relate to Chinese medicine

qi vital energy,lifeforce, spiritual

what are principles of yin and yang

opposition, interdependence, mutual consumption, create blance in your life

what is the yellow emperors classic and why is it significant

a foundational text of Traditional Chinese Medicine

break down the word acupuncture into its parts

acu = needle puncture

what are the 3 doshas in Indian ayurvedic medicine

vata,pitta,kapha

who was sushruta and what was his contribution to medicine

detailed surgical pratices

how did ayurveda treat illness differently than western traditions

Ayurveda and Western medical traditions represent fundamentally different approaches to health and illness, stemming from distinct philosophical perspectives. 

what role did nature and spirit play in native American healing

n Native American healing, nature and spirit play a profound and intertwined role, underpinning a holistic approach to well-being that emphasizes harmony

name 3 herbal remedies used by native American healers

willow bark,tobacco,sage

how was native American medicine communal

emphasizing collective healing and well-being rather than solely individual cures

what is a shaman and what role did they play in healing

shamans as intermediaries with spirits

list 3 common shamanic healing practices

chanting,drumming,herbal remedies

what is one reason shamanism developed in many different regions

shared human capacity for experiencing altered states of consciousness and interpreting those experiences as interactions with a spirit world. 

what kinds of materials were used in African traditional medicine

primarily from plants, but also from animal and mineral sources

why is botanical knowledge important for African healers

it forms the foundation of their traditional medicine practice

what are the 2 types of healers in ancient mesopotamian medicine

the asu and the asipu

what were the role of ashipu and asu

healing and medicine were understood as intertwined with religious and supernatural beliefs, where illnesses were often attributed to the displeasure of gods or the influence of demons

what was Hammurabi code and how did it influence medicine

17050 bce The code significantly influenced early medical practice by introducing the concept of a physician's liability

why was legal accountability imp in early mesopotamian medicine

Codes like Hammurabi's Code laid down clear rules for medical practitioners, including:

who was ai rhazi and what text did he write

what does kitab al-hawi mean in English

kitab=book,al-hawi=comprehensive

what did ai rhazi emphasize in clinical training

careful observation clinical experience and experimentation

what principle did ai rhazi promote long before germ theory

who was ibn sina and what was his most famous book

persian physician who wrote the “canon of medicine”

what does the canon mean in the title the canon of medicine

greek=:”rule”

what idea did ibn sina introduce about how diseases spread

from person to person through air,water,soil

what is the root meaning of the word contagion

con-together tagious-touch

what did sina believe about the cause of the disease

The physician-philosopher Ibn Sina in the believed disease was caused by a combination of humoral imbalances, contagious airborne particles, environmental factors, and even psychological states

what role did Greek and roman texts play in Arabic Islamic medicine

foundational knowledge for the development of Arabic Islamic medicine, providing the basis for extensive translation and integration into a new, sophisticated medical system

what are the 4 humores in acient Greek medicine

yellow bile,black bile,blood,phlegm

what did physicians believe happend when the humors were imblancad

Based on the ancient medical theory of humorism, physicians believed that an imbalance of the four bodily fluids—or humors—caused all illnesses and disabilities.

what treatments were used to restore the balance in the humores

According to the ancient theory of humorism, health depended on a perfect balance of four bodily fluids: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile.

what does the term phlegm mean in it's Greek root ?

inflamation-sewlling

who are the 2 key histories figures associated with humorism

Hippocrates and Galen

what elements or emotions were linked with each humor

The ancient Greek and Roman theory of the four humors proposed that imbalances in four bodily fluids influenced a person's temperament, health, and emotions.

what role did bloodletting play in humor based medicine

In humoral medicine, bloodletting served as the primary therapeutic method to restore a proper balance among the body's four humors: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile.

what belief system justified the use of purging as treatment

The belief system that justified the use of purging as a treatment was humorism, a medical theory originating in ancient Greece

what is the Latin word of humor

latin word is umor

what did major medicinal schools emerge during in Arab revival

medical schools were typically integrated into large, well-equipped hospitals known as bimaristans, where they combined practical clinical training with theoretical study. 

what was the significance of the salerno medical school

The significance of the Salerno Medical School was its pioneering role as the first and most important center of medical learning in Western Europe from the 9th to the 13th century, establishing a curriculum, setting standards for physician certification

what kind of treatment became more common with formal schooling

As formal schooling became common, corporal punishment was increasingly used as a primary method of discipline in educational settings

what is the origin of the word hospital

originates from the Latin words hospes (meaning guest, stranger, or host

what does the Greek word cheirourgia mean

The Greek word cheirourgia means "hand work". This is the origin of the English word "surgery,

how did formal education shift medicine away from apprenticeships

Formal education shifted medicine away from apprenticeships by standardizing training, requiring a scientific basis for treatment, and introducing state-regulated licensing

what regions preserved and expanded classical medical texts

other Islamic scholars, operating under the Abbasids, built upon the Greek works they translated, making significant advances in fields like surgery and pharmacology. 

why was development of diseases- specific ward important

The development of disease-specific wards was important for improving patient outcomes, enhancing infection control, and creating a more efficient and targeted approach to medical care

who was Andreas Vesalius and what did he publish

He published two groundbreaking works in 1543: De humani corporis fabrica libri septem

what is the full title of Vesalius anatomical text

The man who published the groundbreaking work De humani corporis fabrica libri septem