Nixon - 9/11

The election of 1968

Richard Nixon and Spiro Agnew (R) vs

Hubert Humphrey and Edmund Muskie (D) vs

George Wallace (I)

Richard Milhous Nixon

Nixon was the VP under Eisenhower and runner-up to Kennedy in 1960.

Nixon won the presidency in '68, capitalizing on the disarray of the Democratic party and the calls for "law and order"

Hubert Humphrey

VP for LBJ, Humphrey struggled to win over working class whites as he supported civil rights. He also supported the Vietnam war strongly

Nixon Doctrine

Nixon's policy that going forward the US would support anti-communism fiscally not militarily

Detente

A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.

Henry Kissinger

The main negotiator of the peace treaty with the North Vietnamese and detente; secretary of state during Nixon's presidency (1970s).

Antiballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty (1972)

treaty in which the US and Soviet Union agreed to limit the size of their ABM systems

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty I (1972)

United States and the Soviet Union to slow the nuclear arms race.

Energy Crisis (1973-1974)

in 1973 OPEC proclaimed an oil embargo due to the US's support of Israel. an oil price shock and a stock market crash

OPEC

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

The Pentagon Papers

Government documents that showed the public had been lied to about the status of the war in Vietnam

War Powers Resolution (1973)

A federal law intended to check the president's power to commit the United States to an armed conflict without the consent of the U.S. Congress.

Watergate Scandal

The political scandal that led to the resignation of Nixon in 1974

Watergate Hotel Break-In

Attempted robbery at the DNC HQ in the Watergate hotel in DC. The perpetrators were former CIA and worked for CREEP

Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein

Washington post reporters that dug for the truth in Watergate

Senate Watergate Hearings

These were tapes that Nixon gave to the senate but he deleted the parts that he did not want anyone to hear; most likely these were the parts that he was commanding people to commit illegal crimes

Nixon's Resignation (August 8, 1974)

Nixon leaves office before he is impeached and is later pardoned by Gerald Ford

Vietnamization

President Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the Vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawal of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Created by Nixon in response to natural threats such as DDT Pesticide

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender

Gerald Ford

President from 1974-1976 after the resignation of Nixon. He oversaw a stark recession

Election of 1976

Gerald Ford and Bob Dole (R) vs.

Jimmy Carter and Walter Mondale (D)

Jimmy Carter

Former peanut farmer and governor of Georgia.

His victory in '74 signaled the "New South"

Stagflation

Economic stagnation and inflation

Return of Panama Canal

Carter pledged to return the Panama Canal to Panama by the year 2000. This angered conservatives

Camp David Accords (1978)

President Carter helped negotiate Middle East peace agreements that had Egypt recognize Israel as a sovereign nation

Iran Hostage Crisis (1979)

Iranian students take the US Embassy in Tehran and take all those inside as hostages. This was done in response to the despotic Shah Reza Pahlavi getting cancer treatment at the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota.

The hostages remained there for 445 days

Operation Eagle Claw

Failed mission to free the hostages in Iran

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan (1979)

A nine-year conflict involving Soviet forces supporting the Marxist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan government against the Mujahideen resistance.

The Election of 1980

Ronald Reagan and George H W Bush(R) vs

Jimmy Carter and Walter Mondale (D)

Ronald Reagan

New-Right champion, Cold War hawk, anti-labor neoliberal.

Reverend Jerry Falwell

An evangelical minister, founded a political organization called the Moral Majority

Reagan won with these types of people due to his pro-life and pro- prayer in schools ideology

Status of Hostages in Iran

freed on the first day of Reagan's presidency

GOP Success in 1980

GOP gains Congressional house for the first time since 1954.

Blue collar whites flock to the Republican Party, "I didn't leave the Democratic Party, it left me"

Trickle Down Economics

Economic theory that holds that financial benefits given to banks and large businesses will trickle down to smaller businesses and consumers.

Huge tax breaks for the rich under Reagan and breaks on capital gains

Assassination Attempt (March 30, 1981)

Jack Hinckley

Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO) Strike (1981)

Reagan ordered the Air Traffic controllers back to work, eventually laying off 11k.

Reagan was a union-buster anti labor president

Reagan Recession

Recession during Reagan's presidency caused by increased debt and interest rates. Reagan was also spending heavily on defense while cutting taxes (for the wealthy)

Democratic Primary of 1984

Walter Mondale vs.

Jesse Jackson vs.

Gary Hart

Jesse Jackson

First black man to run for president

Election of 1984

Ronald Reagan and George W Bush (R) vs.

Walter Mondale and Geraldine Ferraro (D)

Results of '84 election

Reagan wins 49/50 states (MA)

Democratic Leadership Council (DLC)

A centrist Democratic organization focused on changing the party to one of pro-business, anti-crime, and strong national defense.

Tax Reform Act of 1986

Gave low rates with small deductions. Individuals gained while businesses suffered.

Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986

Outlawed the hiring of undocumented immigrants, but offered legal status to aliens who had lived in the U.S. for five years. Debates over immigration policy persisted, however, as did efforts to tighten U.S. border controls.

Reagan's Supreme Court Appointments

-Sandra Day O'Connor (first woman on the court)

-Anthony Kennedy

-Antonin Scalia

Economic Status

National debt and interest rates on the rise, steel and automobile industries from Midwest and Northeast go overseas

Savings and Loans Crisis

the failure of 1,043 out of the 3,234 savings and loan associations caused by excessive lending, speculation, and risk-taking driven by the moral hazard created by deregulation and taxpayer bailout guarantees

Reagan Doctrine

The Reagan administration's commitment to ending communism by providing military assistance to anti-communist groups

"Peace Through Strength"

El Salvador

Reagan paid $4B to the El Salvadoran government to combat the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN)

Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988)

Iraq invaded Iran in 1980. The US supports Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein

Israel -Lebanese Conflict

Israel invades Lebanon in 1982

A suicide bomber in Beirut killed many military peacekeeping operation during the Lebanese Civil War (October 23, 1983)

Intermediate Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty

Eliminated most medium range missiles from Europe.

Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (SALT)

Treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union on the reduction and the limitation of strategic offensive arms

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)

Reagan's "Star Wars" defense system to shoot down missiles while they're in space

Boland Amendment

The name given to three U.S. legislative amendments between 1982 and 1984, all aimed at limiting U.S. government assistance to the rebel Contras in Nicaragua.

Iran-Contra Affair

Reagan sold arms to Iran to fund the Contras in Nicaragua in their fight against the Sandinistas

Huge scandal as Reagan said he would not negotiate w terrorists (and it was illegal)

Oliver North

American General who was involved with the Iran-Contra Scandal

Mikhail Gorbachev

Glasnost- Transparency in gov.

Perestroika- Restructuring gov.

Nuclear Forces Treaty (1987)

Reduction of nuclear arsenal

Berlin Wall Speech

By Ronald Regan in 1987. To tear down the Berlin Wall

Fall of the Soviet Union (1991)

Gorbachev decreased nuclear arsenals, Communist Party lost power.

Russia becomes Commonwealth of Independent States

Election of 1988

George H. W. Bush and Dan Quayle (R) vs.

Michael Dukakis and Lloyd Bentsen (D)

The Gulf War (1990-1991)

War between US Kuwait and Iraq

Operation Desert Shield

after Iraq invaded Kuwait Bush sent 230,000 troops to protect Saudi Arabia and prepare for combat

Operation Desert Storm

the United States and its allies defeated Iraq in a ground war that lasted 100 hours (1991)

Recession of the Early 90s

Jobs lost, cost Bush the presidency

Bill Clinton

Governor of Arkansas and champion of a "third way"

Clinton is a moderate Dem and centrist who is questioned over marital infidelity and draft dodging

Election of 1992

George H W Bush and Dan Quayle (R) vs

Bill Clinton and Al Gore

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Agreement that created a free-trade area among the United States, Canada, and Mexico.

Immigration Growth

Operation Gatekeeper/Hold the Line policies tried to keep immigrants out of the Southern border

"Don't Ask, Don't Tell"

Clinton managed to gain support for a compromise measure under which homosexual servicemen and servicewomen could remain in the military if they did not openly declare their sexual orientation

Election of 1996

Bob Dole and Jack Kemp (R) vs.

Bill Clinton and Al Gore (D)

Impeachment of Clinton (1999)

Clinton accused of perjury about having an affair with Monica Lewinsky.

He was acquitted by the Senate

This was a very unpopular move and made Republicans look bad

Election of 2000

George W Bush and Dick Cheney (R) vs

Al Gore and Joe Lieberman (D)

Bush v. Gore (2000)

The court ruled that manual recounts of presidential ballots in Florida could not proceed because inconsistent evaluation standards in different counties violated the equal protection clause. In effect, the ruling meant Bush would win the election.

September 11th Terrorist Attacks

9/11 was perpetrated by al-Qaeda

Osama Bin Laden

Arab terrorist who established al-Qaeda (born in 1957)

Bush Doctrine

foreign policy based on the idea that the United States should take preemptive action against threats to its national security

Operation Enduring Freedom (2001)

US invades Afghanistan to eliminate taliban to destroy Al Qaeda

Iraq War

Suspicion of WMDs (Colin Powell) and the need for a "regime change" pushed the US into war in 2003.

This was unrelated to 9/11 but it was sold to the American people as directly related

Saddam Hussein

His regime was defeated in 2003 and he was trued and executed by Iraqis in 2006

Waco Siege (1993)

Waco, Texas, a federal siege of a compound of Branch Dravidians and their leader David Koresh

Ruby Ridge (Aug 1992)

11-day standoff on Ruby Ridge in Idaho that left three people dead.

OKC Bombing (1995)

Timothy McVeigh destroyed the Alfred P Murrah Building that had an ATF office and a kindergarden inside with a car bomb

World Trade Bombing of 1993

Rahms Yusef destroyed the foundation but did not bring the building down