Penn Foster Veterinary Pharmacology Final Exam

Distinguish between hormonal, endocrine, and reproductive drugs

Describe how drugs affect the nervous system

Drugs affect the nervous system by acting at the synaptic junctions to promote neurotransmitter's activity, mimic their actions, or block them from acting.

Identify examples of respiratory drugs

Expectorants, mucolytics, antitussives, bronchodilators, decongestants

List which drugs are used to relieve pain and inflammation

NSAIDs, Opioids, Antihistamines, muscle relaxers, steroids, nerve blocks

Summarize the difference between ophthalmic and otic drugs

Compare and contrast cardiovascular and gastrointestinal drugs

Describe how antiparasitic drugs work

Antiparasitic drugs work by destroying parasites or inhibiting their growth. Most work by interfering with the parasite's nervous system to prevent them from moving.

Discuss why replacement drugs are often necessary for animal health

Explain the veterinary technician's role in inventory control

keeping the staff informed regarding discontinued items, knowing the dates on which backordered items will be released from the vendor, packing up goods awaiting return to the vendor (e.g., expired items), rotating stock correctly, maintaining current prices on all products, organizing inventory for ease of location and counting, receiving and inspecting orders on arrival at the veterinary facility, and learning about new products.

Define: Agonist

Drug that has affinity for a receptor/stimulates receptor into action

Define: Contraindication

A reason not to use a drug in a particular situation

Define: Efficacy

the degree to which a drug produces its desired response.

Define: Over-the-counter drug

One that may be purchased without prescription from a veterinarian

Define: Prescription Drug

One that must be used under the supervision of a veterinarina

Define: Receptor

a group of specialized molecules on or in a cell that bind with a drug to produce an effect

Define: Therapeutic Index

expresses the relationship between a drug's therapeutic and harmful effects

Define: Withdrawl Time

Amount of time that must elapse between the end of drug therapy and elimination of that drug from patients tissues or products

Define: Veterinarian-client-patient relationship

Relationship that must exist between the vet, the patient, and the owner before prescription drugs can be dispensed.

List 4 sources of drugs used in Vet Med

Animal product, plant material, minerals, synthetic products

What are 4 components of a drug regimen?

Dose, route, frequency, and duration of administration.

Discuss the conditions that must be met before a valid veterinarian-client-patient relationship can be shown to exist

1.vet must assume responsibility for making clinical judgments in relation to health of the animal.

2. Vet must have recently seen the animal and be acquainted with it's care.

3.Vet must be available for follow-up care of the animal

Discuss the responsibilities of a vet tech in the administration of drug orders

To carry out the vet's orders correctly. should read the drug label three times to ensure proper drug is being administered and should take care to administer correct dose by correct route. Should be aware of the expected affects and potential adverse side effects and be able to monitor the patient.

Describe the sequence of events that a drug undergoes from administration to excretion

Drug is absorbed (or placed directly) into the bloodstream, the drug may bind with plasma in the blood or may exist in free state, circulating blood distributes drug to capillary level where it leaves circulation and enters interstitial fluid. it bathes the cell and allows drug to bind to cell surface receptors or enter the cell. It then exits the cell and moves back into interstitial fluid, reenters circulation, and is transported to liver for metabolism. The metabolite is then transported to kidneys for excretion.

List 11 possible routes for administering a drug to a patient.

Oral, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intraarterial, intracardiac, intramedullary, inhalation, topical, intradermal

List some of the factors that influence drug absorption

Method of absorption, pH of the drug and ionization status, absorptive surface area, blood supply to area, solubility of drug, dosage form, status of GI tract, and interactions with other drugs

Most biotransformation occurs in the_____

Liver

Most drug excretion occurs via the ______

Kidneys

Drugs usually produce their effects by combining with specific cellular_____

Receptors

The drug name chosen by the manufacturer and is exclusive property of that company is called

Trade/Proprietary Name

What are the 6 items that must be included on drug label?

names (generic and trade) concentration, quantity, name and address of manufacturer, control or lot number, expiration date

What are three government agencies that regulate the development, approval, and use of animal health products?

FDA, EPA, USDA

Why do many vet clinics dispense rather than prescribe most of the drugs that they use?

Profit earned from selling products

Describe the marketing of animal health products

Purchased from manufacturers, distributors, or generic mail order companies. May be sold only one label to graduate veterinarians and under another as over-the-counter

all FDA-approved veterinary drugs are listed in the publication entitled_____

The Green Book

What is the purpose of FARAD?

Provides resources concerning the avoidance of drug residues in animals

Extralabel veterinary drug use was made legal (under prescribed circumstances) by what act of congress?

Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA)

Define Compounding

Diluting or combingin existing drugs

What are potential dangers of residues in animal products

May cause allergic reaction or neoplasia in people, may cause the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria

List 3 classes of drug interactions

Pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, and pharmaceutic

Drug interaction can be anticipated when two drugs are given that are both metabolized by the_____

Liver

Define: Ethical Product

one sold only through veterinarians as a policy of the manufacturer rather than by FDA requirement

Once a drug has been biotransformed, it is called a_____

Metabolite

A reason to use a drug is a(n)_____

Indication

Diagnostic method of choosing a drug is based on all of the following except

a. Practical experience

b. Assesment of the patient

c. Obtaining a history

d. Performing lab tests

A. Practical experience.

Define: extralabel

Using a drug in a way not specified by the label

Complex sequence of events that occurs after a drug is administered is called____

Pharmacokinetics

Parenteral drugs are administered________

by injections.

The body's ability to change a drug chemically from the form in which it was administered into a form that can be eliminated from the body is called_____

Metabolism (biotransformation)

Degree to which a drug produces its desired response in a patient is called________

efficacy

An adverse drug reaction is always life-threatening. T/F?

False

List the six practices recommended by the AVMA for the safe disposal of unwanted drugs.

1.Incinerate when possible

2.Send to landfill when incinerated

3.Never flush down drain or toilet

4.Maintain close inventory control

5.Follow state and federal guidelines

6.Educate clients on proper disposal techniques.

Name 4 common Drug Preparations

Drugs for oral administration, drugs for parenteral administration, drugs for inhalation, and drugs for topical inhalations.

Boluses are used in the treatment of

Large animals with a balling gun

name two types of parenteral injection forms

injections, implants.

Vials may be either ___ dose or ___ dose

single-, multi-

All needles should be discarded in a _____

sharps container

Name the 6 rights of drug administration

Right patient, right drug, right dose, right

route, right time and frequency, right

documentation

Oral drugs should never be adminsitered in animals that are

Vomiting

Intravenous administration of drugs allows the most _____ and effective administration

Rapid

An indwelling catheter should be replaced with a new one every ____ hours

72

A Simplex (gravity set) IV system is used to administer fluids to ____ animals

large

Name six items that should be recorded in the controlled substance log

Date, owner's name, patient's name, drug name, amount dispensed or administered, name(s) of personnel administering the drug to the patient

Why should drugs be given by injection not be stored in syringes for any length of time before administration?

The plastic syringe may absorb the drug, which may cause it to be less effective

List 4 types of syringe tips that are available for use

luer-lock, slip-tip, eccentric, catheter tip

A tuberculin syringe holds up to _____mL of medication

1

A(n) ______ is an agent that produces superficial irritation that is intended to relieve some other irritation

Counter irritant

What type of syringe is divided into units rather than mls?

insulin syringe

A(n) _____ will usually separate after long periods of shelf life and must be shaken well before use to provide a uniform dose

suspension

Which syringe is constructed in such a way that the needle screws onto the tip of the syringe?

Luer-Lok tip

All of the following are sites for IV administration in small animals except

a. jugular vein

b. carotid artery

c. lateral saphenous vein

d. phalic vein

b. carotid artery

If an IV catheter is not used continuously it should be flushed with heparinized saline every ___ to ___ hours

8,12

Cerumen is a substance that is commonly found in what anatomic part of the body?

ear

Any patient receiving IV fluid therapy should be monitored every ___ to ___ minutes.

15,30

IV tubing should be changed after a ___ to ___ hour period.

48, 72

When an intramuscular injection is given in the pelvic limb of a dog or cat, the area near the ___ nerve should be avoided.

sciatic

Describe the difference between an agonist and an opioid antagonist

An agonist is a drug that combines with a receptor to bring about an action and an antagonist combines with a receptor to block the action.

Define: neurotransmitter

A neurotransmitter is a chemical substance released by a nerve ending at the synapse. It acts on the adjacent neuron to stimulate, inhibit, or change its activity.

The area of the brain that serves to relay information from the spinal cord and brainstem to the interpretation center in the cerebrum is the_____

Thalamus

Most CNS drugs act by _____ or _____ the effects of neurotransmitters.

Interrupting he generation or conduction of nerve impulses; interfering with

What are the primary neurotransmitters for adrenergic receptors?

epinephrine and norepinephrine

List the four primary ways in which drugs affect the ANS.

mimicking neurotransmitters, interfering with neurotransmitters release, blocking the attachment of neurotransmitters to receptors and interfering with the breakdown of neurotransmitters

List five indications for the use of cholinergic agents

Control vomiting, treat urinary retention, stimulate GI activity, treat glaucoma and to aid in diagnosis of myasthenia gravis.

Atropine, scopolamine, glycopyrrolate, and aminopentamide are examples of what specific drug class?

Cholinergic blocking agents

What category of drug is used to treat cardiac arrest and anaphylactic shock?

adrenergic (sympathomimetic)

Propranolol is an example of which category of drug?

Beta Blocker

What are some adverse side effects of xylazine and what drug may be used to antagonize its effects

Bradycardia and hypotension can be antagonized by using atropine, respiratory depression or excessive CNS depression can be antagonized by using yohimbine

Why would you be concerned about using a thiobarbiturate to induce anesthesia in a very thin dog?

Thiobarbiturates are fat soluble which means fat acts like a sponge to take barbiturate out of circulation and away from CNS. thin animals will not absorb as much in to fat tissues and more will remain in bloodstream and may cause excessive depression of the CNS.

What are some of the characteristics of a cat anesthetized with ketamine?

Analgesia, increased muscle tone, maintenance of pharyngeal/laryngeal reflexes, muscle tremors, loss of blink reflex.

List some of the signs of a narcotic overdose

Respiratory depression, cardiac depression, agitation, excitement, or seizures

List two narcotic antagonists

naloxone and nalorphine

Why should glyceryl guaiacolate not be mixed until just before use?

Because it tends to precipitate out of solution when stored

you are assisting the delivery of a litter of puppies and you deliver one that is not breathing adequately. What drug would the vet instruct to give and by what route?

Doxapram (Dopram) may be administered under tongue or into umbilical vein, or by intramuscular injection.

Why are euthanasia solutions that contain only pentobarbital classified as Class II controlled substances, whereas those that contain pentobarbital and other substances are classified as Class III controlled substances?

Some pentobarbital agents have a red dye added to distinguish them from pentobarbital agents that may be used for anesthesia. They are easily identified as euthanasia agents and have less potential for abuse

All psychotherapy drugs are thought to produce their effects by altering ______ activity in the brain.

Neurotransmitter

Dissociative agents such as ketamine and tiletamine may cause _____ at the injection site

Burning

A hypnotic (anesthetic) known for its very short duration and white color is_____

Propofol

An inhibitory neurotransmitter that is widely distributed in the brain is_____

GABA

A benzodiazepine that s used as an antianxiety medication and as an appetite stimulant in cats is _____

Diazepam

An example of a tricyclic antidepressant used in vet med for separation anxiety in dogs is_____

Clomicalm

_____ is used to treat old-dog dementia

Anipryl