Biology 1B: Organismal Biology

prokaryote

cells have no nucleus and no membrane enclosed organelles - DNA contained in circular plasmids

eukaryote

cells with linear chromosomal DNA packed into a membrane enclosed nucleus and contain membrane enclosed organelles

anaerobe

organism that does not require molecular oxygen for growth

aerobe

requires presence of oxygen for growth

phototroph

energy comes from light

chemotroph

energy comes from organic compounds

autotroph

generate their own food

heterotroph

consume other organisms

plastid

within eukaryotes, they manufacture and store food

plasmid

DNA is contained inside in prokaryotes

binary fission

after doubling in size, single cells splits into 2 cells - asexual way of reproduction

stramatolite

layered rocks that form from prokaryotes binding thin films of sedimented minerals together

cyanobacteria

phototrophs that capture light energy through oxygenic photosynthesis

endosymbiosis

eukaryotic organelles originated from small prokaryotes that began living in larger cells

microbiome

refers to all microorganisms found in a given well defined habitat

horizontal transmission

acquired from environment

vertical transmission

passed down directly from parent to offspring

heterocyst

specialized nitrogen fixing cells - in some cells, cells will differentiate to allow spatial separation of nitrogen fixation from photosynthesis

metabolite cross feeding

interaction between bacterial strains in which molecules resulting from the metabolisms of one strain are further metabolized by another strain

biofilm

surface coating colony of one or more species of prokaryotes that engage in metabolic cooperation

quorum sensing

if enough other microbes of the same type nearby, a new density dependent activity is in induced

autoinducer

signaling molecules that are produced in response to changes in cell-population density

absorptive nutrition

secrete enzymes to digest food externally

hyphae

filaments on fungus

mycelium

network of hyphae

indeterminate growth

no defined end structure

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

penetrate root cells and create structures

ectomycorrhizal fungi

form nets around the whole root and cell surfaces within root but do not enter cells

spores

products of meiosis in fungi - single cells capable of growing into an adult organism

meiosis

production of haploid cells from a diploid cell over 2 rounds of cell division

fertilization

union of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote

sporogenesis

process of spore formation

gametogenesis

process of gamete formation

sporophyte

diploid organism that produces spores by meiosis

gametophyte

haploid organism that produces gametes by mitosis

fruiting body

spore producing organ on fungi

basidium

club-shaped cell of basidiomycetes where zygote forms prior to meiosis

basidiocarp

fruiting body that protrudes from the ground and bears the basidia

plasmogamy

cytoplasms fuse to become a heterokaryon - one mycelium with 2 distinct haploid nuclei types in each cell or floating around

heterokaryon

cell that contains genetically different nuclei

karyogamy

different haploid nuclei sharing the same cytoplasm the fuse to make the diploid zygote

mycosis

fungal infection

monophyletic group

a group that contains ancestral species and all of its descendants

ecological/ functional group

a set of taxa that share common ways of life, often in a community context

diatoms

unique glass like cell walls made of silica (hydrated silicon dioxide) embedded in an organic matrix

dinoflagellates

monophyletic group of single-celled eukaryotes that have 2 flagella, one of which is a spiral that can make them spin

brown algae

marine algae including kelps

green algae

closest relatives to the plant kingdom - very diverse forms and life cycles from unicellular to colonial to multicellular

red algae

color comes from pigments that absorb blue light and reflect red light - economically important

haplodiplontic life cycle

a life cycle in which an organism has both haploid and diploid multicellular stages

gametophyte

multicellular stage of the plant that gives rise to haploid gametes or spores

sporophyte

a multicellular diploid life-cycle stage that produces haploid spores by meiosis

lichen

ecological group that have at least one heterotrophic fungus with one phototrophic alga or cyanobacterium

soredia

bundle of fungi and algae

bryophyte

taxonomic group that contains  liverworts, hornworts and mosses

desiccation

drying out (removal of moisture)

phyllids

thin leaf like growths that absorb water through direct in contact with ground or trapped moisture

rhizoids

long tubular single cell or filaments that do some water/ nutrient uptake but mainly function to anchor the plant (NOT ROOTS)

gametangia

new multicellular protective tissues where gametes form

archagonia

gametangia that produce eggs

antheridia

gametangia that produce sperm

embryo

the zygote (fertilized egg)

cuticle

waxy protective layer on the leaf surface

sporangia

specialized reproductive structures, dedicated to the production spores

sporopollenin

a polymer that prevents desiccation of charophyte zygotes, to make plant spores also resistant to harsh environments and capable of dispersal by air

sporophyll

leaves that form sporangia

sorus

clustered groups of sporangia

peat

partly decayed organic material found in huge, boggy wetlands - used as soil conditioner and store 25% of the world’s soil carbon

primary endosymbiosis

the original symbiosis that occurred in cyanobacteria

secondary symbiosis

indicated by 4 membranes surrounding the organelles

* symbioses event nested within another endosymbiosis event
* intracellular relationship with eukaryote (red or green alga)

Phycocolloid

polysaccharide compounds produced by algal cell walls that prevent desiccation

photobiont

phototrophic alga or cyanobacterium component of lichen

mycobiont

heterotrophic fungal component of lichen

lycophyte

land plants where leaves and roots evolved independently to the rest of the vascular plants

monilophyte

land plants where leaves are megaphylls (ferns, horsetails)

microphyll

leaves in lycophytes - have a single unbranched vein and branching only occurs at shoot tip

megaphyll

leaves of monilphytes - branched veins and potential for stem branching is not limited to shoot tip

sporophyll

leaf modified structurally to bear sporangia

Carboniferous period

the first time that plants become tall - plants greatly expand 2 carbon dioxide sinks

Azolla

aquatic plant that forms a symbiotic association with nitrogen fixing bacteria cyanobacteria that it makes a home for within pouches in its leaves

Azolla Event

the second period of Icehouse Earth that we are in today

heterospory

production of 2 types of spores from each type of sporangium

gymnosperm

produce naked seeds

seed

structure containing the embryo, storage tissue, and protective coat

pollen cone

made by the sporophyte and made up or sporophylls that hold microsporangia

ovulate cone

made by the sporophyte and made up of sporophylls that hold megasporangia

scale

sporophylls that hold microsporangia

megaspore

germinate to become the female gametophyte

megasporangium

make megaspores

microspore

germinate to become the male gametophyte

microsporangium

make microspores

pollen grain

structure containing the male gametophyte of the plant

pollen tube

extension from the pollen grain that delivers sperm to the egg cell

ovule

megasporangium surrounded by the protective structure that will become the seed coat

integument

protective structure that will become the seed coat

seed coat

protect the embryo and to transmit information regarding the external environments

pollination

transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules

angiosperm

flowering plants - “container seed”

determinate growth

growth axis that grows for a limited period of time and produces a predetermined number of appendages before reaching a defined end

whorls

a flower’s parts are arranged on that axis in a sequential order in ___ of one or more organs of the same type