AP-Respiratory

respiratory function

provides for gas exchange → O2 inake, CO2 elimination

regulates blood pH

receptors for smell

filters inspired air

produces sound (speech)

respiratory system

nose

pharynx (throat)

larynx (voice box)

trachea (wind pipe)

lungs

upper respiratory system

nose & pharynx

lower respiratory system

larynx, trachea, bronchi & lungs

conducting portion

all of the pipe connection leading to the lung tissue

respiratory portion

lung tissue where gas exchange takes place

nasal cavity

space within the nose

functions of the nose

warm, mositen & filter air

detect olfactory stimulus

modify speech

nares

external (nostrils)

internal-posterior opening from nose to throat

nasal meatus

groove-like passages

nasal conchae

membranes

olfactory epithelium

linging the superior cochae

olfactory receptors

oral cavity

space inside the mouth

hard palate

front, top of the mouth

soft palate

towards the back of the mouth

closer to the throat

uvula

little punching bag at the end of the soft palate

nasopharynx

most superior

lies posterior to nasal cavity

eustachian tubes →nasopharynx

equalizes pressure of middle ear

pharyngeal tonsil →nasopharynx

lymphatic tissue

oropharynx

lies posterior to oral cavity

palatine & lingual tonsil →oropharynx

lymphatic tissue

laryngopharynx

most inferior

connects both larynx & esophagus

esophagus →laryngopharynx

leads to the stomach → digestion

trachea → laryngophaynx

leads to the lungs → respiratory

thryroid cartilage →larynx

farily large compared to other cartilage pieces

epiglottis → larynx

leaf-shaped cover of glottis

prevents food & drink from entering trachea

glottis →larynx

folded membranes

contain vocal folds

circoid cartilage → larynx

inferoir wall of larynx

arytenoid cartilage →larynx

influnces postiion & tension on vocal folds

corniculate cartilage → larynx

located at the apex of arytenoid cartilages

cuneiform cartilage →larynx

support the vocal folds

vocal folds →larynx

true vocal cords

sounds originates from vibration of the vocal folds

ventricular fold →larynx

false vocal cords

no noise

parietal pleura → lungs

outer covering

lines throacic cavity

pleural cavity → lungs

fluid filled space

visceral pleura → lungs

inner covering

covers lungs

right lobe

superior, middle, inferior

3 lobes

left lobe

superior, inferior

2 lobes

fissures

lines splitting inbettween the lobes

apex

top

base

bottom

hilus of the lungs

place where blood vessel, bronchi, lymph vessles & nerves enter & exit

cardiac notch

space out of the left lung for the heart

trachea → bronchial tree

anterior to eosphagus

divides into L & R primary bronchi

contains horizontal cartilage rings

primary bronchi

L & R enters lung

R is more vertical→ higher chance of aspriating an object

point of division is the carina

secondary bronchi

one for each lobe

teritary bronchi

10 in each lung

corresponds to each bronchopulmonary segments

bronchioles

cartilages decreases (keeps airway open) & smooth muscle increase (allow for control airway) as branches get smaller

terminal bronchioles

smallest division

alveoi

cup shaped air pouch

respiratory membrane

alveolar wall & capillary wall→ place of gas exchange

type 1 alveolar cells

are simple squamous epithlium

allows gas exchnage

type 2 alveolar cells

secretes surfactant→ reduces surface tension

allow alveoli to stay open

lobules

bronchioles branch into smaller compartments

respiration

the process of gas exchange in the body

pulmonary ventilation

is breathing

flow of air in & out of the lungs caused by pressure difference created by respiratory muscles

external respiration

exchange of gases between the lung & blood in the pulmonary capillaries

interal respiration

exchange of gases between systemic blood capillaries & tissue cells

boyle’s law

the volume of gas varies inversely with its pressure

if you double the size of a container you half the pressure

inhaltion

increases lung volume

diaphragm contracts & pulls lungs downward

external intercostals raise ribs to expand chest → air enter lungs

exhalation

decrease lung volume

quiet breathing→ muscles relax (passive)

surface tension

prevents expansion of alveoli

surfactant→ reduces surface tension

compliance

effort to stretch chest wall & lungs

high = easy to inflate

low = hard to inflate

things that decrease compliance

scarring of the lung tissue

lung tissue filled with fluid

deficiency in surfactant

decrease in lung expansion

airway resistance

decrease diameter of airway increases resistance

eupnea

normal, quiet breathing

costal breathing

shallow chest breathing

chest moves up & down due to intercostals

diaphragmatic breathing

deep abdominal breathing

coughing

long, deep inhalation

strong exhalation

sneezing

spasmodic contraction of exhalation thru nose & mouth

signing

long, deep inhalation

short exhalation

yawning

deep inhalation thru open mouth

laughing

inhalation follwed by short exhalation

hiccupping

spasmodic contractions of diaphragm

valslva

forced exhalation against closed glottis (bearig down)

tidal volume (TV)

500 ml

amount inhaled or exhaled with each breath at rest

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

3100 ml

amount the can be forcefully inhaled after a tidal inhalation

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

1200 ml

amount that can be forcefully exhaled after a tidal exhalation

residual volume (RV)

1200 ml

amount reaminging in lungs after force exhalation

total lung capacity (TLC)

6000 ml

maximum amount of air in lungs

vital capacity (VC)

4800 ml

maximum amount that can be expired after minimum inspriation

everything except residual volume

inspiratory capacity (IC)

3600 ml

maximum amount that can be inspired after tidal expiration

functional residual capacity (FRC)

2400 ml

volume reamaining in lungs after tidal expiration

day to day→ leftover after normal breathing

spirometer

instrument used to measure breathing

minute ventilation

amount of gas that moves in & out of lungs in one minute

forced vital capacity

amount of gas expired after a deep breath

forced expiratory volume

amount of gas expired over time

dead air space

air that never contributes to gas exchange

anatomical dead space

air in passageways that don’t make it to desination/organ

alveolar dead space

damaged alveolar sacs

dalton’s law

partial pressure governs all the movement of O2 & CO2

in a gas mixture all gases exert their own pessure

greater partial pressure to less partial pressure

henry’s law

the quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas

increase partial pressure = increase in dissolved gas

effect gass exchange

partical pressure difference → increase partical pressure = increase exchange

surface area available → increase area = increase exchange

diffusion distance → increase distance = Decrease exchange

molecular weight & solubility → CO2 more rapid than O2

pulmonary capillaries

= high O2 partial pressure that loads O2 to hemoglobin

tissue capillaries

= less O2 patial pressure that unloads O2 from hemoglobin

affinity

the tightness of O2 hemoglobin bond

high affinity

hemoglobin holds onto O2

low affinity

hemoglobin gives of O2

dissolved CO2 in plasma

9%

diffuses in alveolar air & exhaled

carbamino compounds

13%

binds to amino acids & proteins in blood