hematology

what additive belongs is in this tube

serum separator

what additive belongs is in this tube

EDTA

what additive belongs is in this tube

none; is considered a “clean tube“

what additive is in this tube

sodium citrate

what additive is in this tube

sodium or lithium heparin

what is it used for

serum is used to evaluate serum biochemistry and serology

what is it used for

used for CBC differential, PCR tests

what is it used for

used to collect urine and other samples for culture, cytology, or fluid analysis

what is it used for

used for coagulation assays (ACT, PT, aPTT, and platelet function test)

what is it used for

used for toxicology tests, ammonia levels, blood gases, and plasma biochemistry values

what are the 3 most common anticoagulants used in blood collection tubes

EDTA, sodium or lithium heparin, sodium citrate

which collections tubes don’t have any anticoagulant on them

serum separator tube and plain red or white top tube

what type of RBC arrangement is this

rouleaux formation

what type of RBC arrangement is this

agglutination

what type of RBC abnormality is this

platelet

what type of RBC abnormality is this

echinocytes

what type of RBC abnormality is this

acanthocytes

what type of RBC abnormality is this

keratocytes

what type of RBC abnormality is this

eccentrocytes (the arrow pointing to the left)and pyknocyte (the arrow pointing to the right)

what type of RBC abnormality is this

Howell-Jolly bodies

what type of RBC abnormality is this

spherocytes

what type of RBC abnormality is this

Heinz body

The arrowHEADS are pointing to

schistocytes

The leukocytes found on this image are

characteristic of Pelger-Huet Anomaly

The cell immediately below the arrow is a 

smudge cell

what type of WBC is this

neutrophils

what type of WBC is this

monocytes

what type of WBC is this

lymphocytes

what type of WBC is this

basophils

what type of WBC is this

eosinophils

what type of cell is this

leptocytes (target cells )

what is the top blue box referring to

polychromatophilic RBCs

what is the bottom blue box referring to

nucleated RBCs

what is the top blue box referring to

reticulocytes (basophilic stipplings )

can a DEA 1.1 + dog donate blood to a DEA 1.1 +

yes

can a DEA 1.1 + dog donate blood to a DEA 1.1 -

no

can a DEA 1.1 - dog donate blood to a DEA 1.1 -

yes

can a DEA 1.1 - dog donate blood to a DEA 1.1 +

yes

Can a DEA 1.1 + dog receive blood from a DEA 1.1-

no

T/F: DEA 1.1 - dog is a universal donor

true

what are the blood groups of cats

type A

type B

type AB

cats with type A blood can donate to who

type A and type AB blood type cats

cats that are type AB can donate to who

cats who have type AB blood

cats that have type B blood can donate to who

cats with type B blood

how many percent of cats are type A blood type

90%

how many percent of cats have a type AB blood type

how many cats have a type B blood type

what breeds of cats have a type B blood type

pure breeds (ex, devon rex or British shorthair )

T/F: there is no universal donors in the cat world

true

major crossmatching:

a test used to assess if there are antibodies in the recipient’s plasma (naturally occurring or induced) against the donor’s RBCs.

minor crossmatching:

a test used to assess if there are antibodies in the donor’s plasma against the recipient’s RBCs.

what is the acronym for DEA

dog erythrocyte antigen

what exactly may we transfuse?

fresh whole blood

packed RBCs

fresh frozen plasma

platelet-rich plasma

what does PCR stand for?

polymerase chain reaction

what is a PCR

A technique where a suspected target segment(s) or sequence of DNA, is searched for in a sample, and, if present, is cloned (amplified) into thousands or millions of copies.

what does ELISA stand for

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

T/F: ELISA have extremely few false positives

true

specificity:

a measure of a test’s ability to correctly test negative when the patient is truly negative

sensitivity:

a measure of a test’s ability to correctly identify all the positive animals as positive

liver analyte-hepatic disease

alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

Abnormal elevations in ALT are more specific for liver disease, especially in dogs and cats.

is more “liver” specific than other enzymes like AST and can also be interpreted in conjunction with CPK levels to differentiate between liver and muscle sources that are “leaking” this enzyme.

liver analyte-hepatic disease

aspartate aminotransferase (AST)

a “leakage” enzyme present in highest concentrations in liver and muscle (cardiac and skeletal) which can become elevated from trauma to hepatocytes or muscle. It is less specific than ALT for liver disease.

liver analytes-Hepatobiliary Disease:

Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT)

a serum enzyme that becomes elevated with cholestasis (impaired bile flow) and other hepatobiliary disease. GGT is present in several tissues, including bile duct and gall bladder cells.

liver analytes-Hepatobiliary Disease:

alkaline phosphatase (ALP)

Increases in ALP can also occur from hyperadrenocorticism, active bone growth in young pets, bone remodeling after bone injury, induction by drugs, and numerous non-specific conditions.

liver analyte- hepatic functions

albumin

making up about 40% of the serum plasma proteins, this protein is produced by the liver and will measure above normal when the patient is dehydrated

what type of crystal is this

struvite (magnesium-ammonium-phosphate )

what type of crystal is this

calcium oxalate monohydrate

what type of crystal is this

calcium carbonate

what type of crystal is this

uric acid crystals

what type of crystal is this

sodium urate crystals

what type of crystal is this

calcium oxalate dihydrate

what type of crystal is this

cystine crystals

what type of crystal is this

ammonium biurate

what type of crystal is this

bilirubin

what type of crystal is this

tyrosine crystals

what is the top arrow pointing at

streptococci

what is the bottom arrow pointing at

bacilli (rods)

what is the orange and pink arrow pointing at

white blood cells WBC

what is the red arrow pointing at

squamous epithelial cell

what is the yellow arrow pointing at

streptococci

what is the dark blue arrow pointing at

diplococci

polyuria

excessive or increased urine formation (volume)

oliguria

decreased urine formation

pollakiuria

frequent urination in small amounts

anuria

no urine produced or absence of urine

enuria

Urinary incontinence only at night, usually when the patient is sleeping or extremely relaxed.