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what additive belongs is in this tube
serum separator
what additive belongs is in this tube
EDTA
what additive belongs is in this tube
none; is considered a “clean tube“
what additive is in this tube
sodium citrate
what additive is in this tube
sodium or lithium heparin
what is it used for
serum is used to evaluate serum biochemistry and serology
what is it used for
used for CBC differential, PCR tests
what is it used for
used to collect urine and other samples for culture, cytology, or fluid analysis
what is it used for
used for coagulation assays (ACT, PT, aPTT, and platelet function test)
what is it used for
used for toxicology tests, ammonia levels, blood gases, and plasma biochemistry values
what are the 3 most common anticoagulants used in blood collection tubes
EDTA, sodium or lithium heparin, sodium citrate
which collections tubes don’t have any anticoagulant on them
serum separator tube and plain red or white top tube
what type of RBC arrangement is this
rouleaux formation
what type of RBC arrangement is this
agglutination
what type of RBC abnormality is this
platelet
what type of RBC abnormality is this
echinocytes
what type of RBC abnormality is this
acanthocytes
what type of RBC abnormality is this
keratocytes
what type of RBC abnormality is this
eccentrocytes (the arrow pointing to the left)and pyknocyte (the arrow pointing to the right)
what type of RBC abnormality is this
Howell-Jolly bodies
what type of RBC abnormality is this
spherocytes
what type of RBC abnormality is this
Heinz body
The arrowHEADS are pointing to
schistocytes
The leukocytes found on this image are
characteristic of Pelger-Huet Anomaly
The cell immediately below the arrow is a
smudge cell
what type of WBC is this
neutrophils
what type of WBC is this
monocytes
what type of WBC is this
lymphocytes
what type of WBC is this
basophils
what type of WBC is this
eosinophils
what type of cell is this
leptocytes (target cells )
what is the top blue box referring to
polychromatophilic RBCs
what is the bottom blue box referring to
nucleated RBCs
what is the top blue box referring to
reticulocytes (basophilic stipplings )
can a DEA 1.1 + dog donate blood to a DEA 1.1 +
yes
can a DEA 1.1 + dog donate blood to a DEA 1.1 -
no
can a DEA 1.1 - dog donate blood to a DEA 1.1 -
yes
can a DEA 1.1 - dog donate blood to a DEA 1.1 +
yes
Can a DEA 1.1 + dog receive blood from a DEA 1.1-
no
T/F: DEA 1.1 - dog is a universal donor
true
what are the blood groups of cats
type A
type B
type AB
cats with type A blood can donate to who
type A and type AB blood type cats
cats that are type AB can donate to who
cats who have type AB blood
cats that have type B blood can donate to who
cats with type B blood
how many percent of cats are type A blood type
90%
how many percent of cats have a type AB blood type
<1%
how many cats have a type B blood type
<9%
what breeds of cats have a type B blood type
pure breeds (ex, devon rex or British shorthair )
T/F: there is no universal donors in the cat world
true
major crossmatching:
a test used to assess if there are antibodies in the recipient’s plasma (naturally occurring or induced) against the donor’s RBCs.
minor crossmatching:
a test used to assess if there are antibodies in the donor’s plasma against the recipient’s RBCs.
what is the acronym for DEA
dog erythrocyte antigen
what exactly may we transfuse?
fresh whole blood
packed RBCs
fresh frozen plasma
platelet-rich plasma
what does PCR stand for?
polymerase chain reaction
what is a PCR
A technique where a suspected target segment(s) or sequence of DNA, is searched for in a sample, and, if present, is cloned (amplified) into thousands or millions of copies.
what does ELISA stand for
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
T/F: ELISA have extremely few false positives
true
specificity:
a measure of a test’s ability to correctly test negative when the patient is truly negative
sensitivity:
a measure of a test’s ability to correctly identify all the positive animals as positive
liver analyte-hepatic disease
alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
Abnormal elevations in ALT are more specific for liver disease, especially in dogs and cats.
is more “liver” specific than other enzymes like AST and can also be interpreted in conjunction with CPK levels to differentiate between liver and muscle sources that are “leaking” this enzyme.
liver analyte-hepatic disease
aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
a “leakage” enzyme present in highest concentrations in liver and muscle (cardiac and skeletal) which can become elevated from trauma to hepatocytes or muscle. It is less specific than ALT for liver disease.
liver analytes-Hepatobiliary Disease:
Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT)
a serum enzyme that becomes elevated with cholestasis (impaired bile flow) and other hepatobiliary disease. GGT is present in several tissues, including bile duct and gall bladder cells.
liver analytes-Hepatobiliary Disease:
alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
Increases in ALP can also occur from hyperadrenocorticism, active bone growth in young pets, bone remodeling after bone injury, induction by drugs, and numerous non-specific conditions.
liver analyte- hepatic functions
albumin
making up about 40% of the serum plasma proteins, this protein is produced by the liver and will measure above normal when the patient is dehydrated
what type of crystal is this
struvite (magnesium-ammonium-phosphate )
what type of crystal is this
calcium oxalate monohydrate
what type of crystal is this
calcium carbonate
what type of crystal is this
uric acid crystals
what type of crystal is this
sodium urate crystals
what type of crystal is this
calcium oxalate dihydrate
what type of crystal is this
cystine crystals
what type of crystal is this
ammonium biurate
what type of crystal is this
bilirubin
what type of crystal is this
tyrosine crystals
what is the top arrow pointing at
streptococci
what is the bottom arrow pointing at
bacilli (rods)
what is the orange and pink arrow pointing at
white blood cells WBC
what is the red arrow pointing at
squamous epithelial cell
what is the yellow arrow pointing at
streptococci
what is the dark blue arrow pointing at
diplococci
polyuria
excessive or increased urine formation (volume)
oliguria
decreased urine formation
pollakiuria
frequent urination in small amounts
anuria
no urine produced or absence of urine
enuria
Urinary incontinence only at night, usually when the patient is sleeping or extremely relaxed.
Note
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