Minyeong Choi: Chapter 3 Principles of Genetics

Who formed the foundational work on genetics?

Gregor Mendel

What did Mendel’s experiment show?

how traits are passed from one generation to the next

What did Mendel’s P1 generation show?

only yellow seeds or only gree seeds

What happened when Mendel crossed yellow and green peas?

all yellow seed

What is Mendel’s Law of Segregation?

how alleles separate into gametes and recombine in offspring

What is a punnett square?

tools used in biotechnology and medicine to predict inheritance patterns of traits, including genetic disorders

How are punnett squares used in biotechnology?

predict inheritance patterns

What is the Law of Independent Assortment?

how traits and genetic disorders are inherited independently

Why is the Law of independent assortment important in biotechnology?

because it helps understand how traits and genetic disorders are inherited independently

What is a testcross?

a tool to determine whether an individual showing a dominant trait is homozygous or heterozygous

What is homozygous?

two identical alleles

What is heterozygous

two different alleles

Why are testcrosses important in biotechnology?

important for identifying carriers of genetic traits and predicting inheritance of diseases

What is incomplete dominance?

traits blend when no single allele is completely dominant

What does incomplete dominance show in biotechnology?

how genetic variation creates intermediate phenotypes - important for plant breeding, medicine, and biotech

What is codominance?

both alleles are fully and equally expressed

What is an example of a trait determined by codominance?

human blood type

Why is codominance important in biotechnology?

produces blood type patterns - important for medicine, transfusions, and paternity testing

What is polygenic inheritance?

some traits controlled by many genes

What is a classic example of polygenic inheritance?

human height and skin color

What type of results does polygenic inheritance produce?

bell-curve distribution of traits, with most individuals showing intermediate phenotypes and fewer at the extremes

How is sex determined?

combination of sex chromosomes

Why is sex determination important in biotechnology?

application in biotech such as prenatal testing

How are sex linked traits determined?

controlled by X chromosomes

Why are males more likely to express X-linked disorders?

because males only have one X chromosome

How do females express sex linked disorders?

females may carry the trait without showing symptoms

Why is it important to understand sex-linked inheritance in biotechnology?

it demonstrates how the traits pass from parents to children

What are chromosomal alterations?

deletion, inversion, translocation, and duplication

What is deletion?

deletions remove essential genes, often leading to severe disorders or developmental failure

What is inversion?

rearrange gene order without losing materialW

What is translocation?

changing the location

What is duplication?

duplicate the gene, increasing gene dosage

What is crossing over?

a process that increases genetic diversity during meiosis

Why is crossing over important in science and biotechnology?

variability in populations, evolution, and the study of biotech

When does crossing over occur?

during meiosis

What is nondisjunction?

the failure of chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis

What is the result of nondisjunction?

create abnormal gametes

What diseases does nondisjunction help explain?

Down’s syndrome, Turner’s syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome

What is Down’s syndrome?

extra chromosome (trisomy)

What is Turner syndrome?

absence of one X chromosomeW

What is Klinefelter syndrome?

an extra X chromosome