arguments based on observation (teleological argument)

Socrates quote about there being a designer for the universe

'With such signs of forethought in the design of living creatures, can you doubt that they are a work of choice or deisgn'

What is the teleological argument

It is the 'study of' purpose or 'teleo'= everything in nature has a 'telos'- purpose/goal to which it works

Is this argument a priori of a posteriori

A posteriori

Why is it an a posteriori argument

Because it gains knowledge from the world to infer/ prove the existence of God

Who said 'Design qua purpose'

William palley

What does design qua purpose mean

Everything is designed for a reason or purpose otherwise it wouldn't be designed in the first place.

What does wiliam palley say this world show

Pattern, organisation and design

How does William palley hint to there being a higher power

By saying anything that is designed must have a designer

Examples of things that show design and a designer

house-builder

painting-artist

car-mechanic

What is William parleys first argument

Design qua purpose

What analogy does paley use to demonstrate his first argument

The analogy of the watch

How does paley use the analogy of the watch to say everything has a creator

If i was 'crossing a heath' and found an old fashioned watch on the ground it has clearly not been there forever as the watch is: complex, intricate piece of machinery, shows workmanship, all cogs are perfectly intertwined, all parts work together in order to reach its purpose= to tell the time

What does paley say if the watch doesnt work

It doesn't matter if the watch sometimes goes wrong or isn't perfect the point is the watches existence suggests it was made with a purpose

Why does paley clarify that its okay if the watch doesn't work

Creating a comeback to people saying it doesnt work so it clearly doesnt have a creator

What does paley not believe is possible

The things of this world cannot be a product of chance

Paleys quote about nature

'Every manifestation of design which existed in the watch exists in the works of nature' (what's in the watch is also found in nature)

Examples of things in nature paley says work to meet there purpose that are clearly designed by a designer

Human eye= extraordinary flexibility and ability

Wings if birds= engineered for flight

Fin of fish= engineered to swim

Who is the 'designer creator' to paley

God

What does paley compare the watch to

Watch ➡️ eye ➡️ universe

Why does paley believe the universe must be designed by God

Becayse it is the most complex and amazing design of all and the whole of nature needs the grandest of designers

What did the watch show evidence of

A watchmaker

What did eyes show evidence of

Possibly a God

Cicero quote

'What could be more clear or obvious when we look up to the sky and contemplate the heavens than that there is some divinity or superior intelligence'

Second part of paleys argument

Astronomy, newtons laws of motion and gravity show evidence of design in the universe

What does this design show

Regularity, routine and consistency known as 'design qua regularity'

What does paley believe the universe shows

An external agent must have imposed order on the universe as a whole and its many parts as it could of not come about by chance

Who does paley believe is the external agent

God

Who became first Thomas Aquinas or paley

Thomas Aquinas

Aquinas quote about design

'Everything operates as to a design. This design is from God'

Which of Thomas Aquinas 'five ways' is design qua regularity

The fifth

Is Thomas Aquinas' argument posteriori or priori

Posteriori

According to Aquinas what do objects do

Follow natural laws as they have a goal/ purpose since they were designed to do their job efficiently

What does Aquinas beleive is responsible for everything the world

A designer

Who is the designer

God

How do things in this world that cannot think for itself achieve its purpose

Through God as it makes thing reach their target

Archer example

Arrow hits target (no mind of its own) = an effect. The archer shot the arrow = a cause. Natural world follows natural laws = an effect. Someone caused the natural world to act this way (GOD) = a cause

What is the archer and arrow and example of

Regularity of succession

What is regularity of succession

Everything in nature follows certain laws that lead to certain results being achieved

What are F.R Tennants 2 arguments

Anthropic and aesthetic

What is the anthropic principle

Designed so that the evolutionary process would create an environment in which intelligent life could exist.

What does the anthropic principle support

Both evolution and designer God

What is the aesthetic argument

Humans possess the ability to appreciate the beauty of their surroundings- to enjoy art, music and literature when its not necessary for survival which is evidence of a divine creator not natural selection thousands

Who created the argument against the aesthetic argument

Richard Dawkins

What is the argument against the aesthetic argument

That family and social groups are stronger like animal packs which gives higher survival and the way u pack together is by appreciating things like beauty making things like beauty are a survival instinct

What are memes

A term Dawkins invented to refer to the unit of cultural inheritance

How does the Goldilocks argument prove Gods existence

Because if we was any closer or further away from the sun then we would not exist as life wouldn't of developed proving there must be a designer because the odds of this happening by chance are nearly impossible

What is the argument against the Goldilocks argument

The chances are that within all the universes galaxies that a planet would eventually form the right distance away from a star is very high as there's millions of planets and stars

What is the argument against the argument criticising the Goldilocks argument

Author brown argues that we are the only planet with a ozone layer which specifically filters ultraviolet rays to protect life which couldn't of happened by chance and is evidence of a designer