AP Bio Unit 2

nucleus function

stores DNA which directs the activities of the cell by coding for proteins

rough ER

distributes the proteins produced by the ribosomes on its surface

smooth ER

produces lipids and detoxifies poisons

ribosomes

site of protein production consisting of protein and rRNA

vesicle

transports materials throughout the cell

lysosomes

digestive center of cell that breaks down wastes or damaged cell parts

golgi apparatus

receives proteins and lipids from the ER to modify and send to the appropriate region

vacuole

storage of materials in cell

mitochondria

carry out cellular respiration and produce ATP

chloroplasts

carry out photosynthesis to produce energy and glucose in plant cells

cytoskeleton

scaffolding, supports shape of cell/anchors organelles

microtubules

roads for motor proteins to transport vesicles, used for movement, make up spindle during cell division

flagella

whip-like tail for transport

cilia

hair-like structures

microfilaments

used in muscle contraction

intermediate filaments

provide cell shape and structure

extracellular matrix

proteins and sugars jutting out of a cell

cell wall

made of cellulose (plants) and peptidoglycan (prokaryotes)

plant cell vacuole

large, central. store materials like wastes, minerals, etc

chloroplasts

carry out photosynthesis in plant cells to create glucose/ATP

integral membrane proteins

proteins embedded IN the membrane 

peripheral membrane proteins

proteins that lie on the surface of the membrane

roles of proteins in the cell membrane

transport, enzymes (catalyze reactions), cell-to-cell communication, anchor cells to one another or to another surface

glycoalyx

sugar groups outside of the cell; consist of glycoproteins/glycolipids

cholesterol

moderates fluidity of the membrane

membrane fluidity

ability of phospholipids and proteins to move around within the bilayer

how unsaturated phospholipids impact fluidity

bent shape spaces out phospholipids instead of packing them close together, increasing fluidity

how cholesterol impacts fluidity

during low temps that decrease fluidity, cholesterol counteracts by increasing fluidity and vice-versa during hot temps

what molecules utilize passive transport (excluding facilitated diffusion)

small, non-polar molecules that move from high to low concentration

which molecules may use facilitated diffusion

large nonpolar molecules/small polar molecules (ex: water with osmosis but it also uses aquaporins)

which molecules utilize active transport

process of exocytosis

vesicle fuses with membrane to RELEASE materials

process of endocytosis

vesicle pinches off from membrane, BRINGING IN molecules

examples of exocytosis

release of hormones and neurotransmitters

examples of endocytosis

feeding in some single-celled organisms like amoeba, exchange of materials between cells and bloodstream, movement of cholesterol into cells

prokaryotes

no nucleus or organelles, only have DNA, cell wall, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and ribosomes

endosymbiotic theory

mitochondria and chloroplasts derived from bacterial cells engulfed into larger cells & endomembrane system arose from infoldings of  the cell membrane