Year 11 Double Chemistry Review

These flashcards cover key vocabulary and concepts related to chemistry, focusing on bonding, reactions, materials, and properties.

Ionic Bonding

Occurs between metals and non-metals where electrons are transferred, resulting in an electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions.

Covalent Bonding

Occurs between non-metals where electrons are shared in pairs.

Metallic Bonding

Occurs between metals characterized by a regular arrangement of positive ions surrounded by a sea of delocalised electrons.

High Melting and Boiling Points of Ionic Compounds

Due to strong forces between ions that require a lot of energy to break.

Giant Covalent Compounds

Have high melting and boiling points due to strong bonds between atoms that require a lot of energy to break.

Simple Covalent Molecules

Have low melting and boiling points due to weak forces between molecules that do not require much energy to break.

Conduction in Ionic Compounds

Ionic compounds only conduct electricity when molten or in solution because the ions are free to move.

Conduction in Metallic Substances

Metallic substances conduct electricity due to free electrons that can move throughout the structure.

Covalent Compounds and Electricity

Covalent compounds do not conduct electricity because there are no free electrons.

Diamond

Hard due to each carbon atom being strongly bonded to four others via covalent bonds.

Graphite

Soft because each carbon is bonded to three others in hexagonal layers with weak forces between layers allowing them to slide.

Graphite's Conductivity

Graphite can conduct electricity because one electron from each carbon atom is free to move.

Fullerenes

Molecules used for drug delivery, lubricants, and catalysts.

Nanometre

1 billionth of a metre; a nanoparticle consists of 1-100 atoms.

Nano Particles of Silver

Properties include antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal; used in plasters, antiseptic sprays, socks, deodorant sprays.

Nano Particles of Titanium Dioxide

Properties include absorption and reflection of UV light; used in sunscreen and self-cleaning windows.

Smart Materials

Materials that change properties reversibly when environmental changes occur.

Thermochromic Pigments

Change colour with temperature.

Photochromic Pigments

Change colour with changing light intensity.

Polymer Gels

Absorb and release water based on changes in pH or temperature.

Shape Memory Alloys and Polymers

Regain their original shape when heated.

Acid with Universal Indicator

A strong acid appears red with a pH of 1-2.

Alkali with Universal Indicator

A strong alkali appears purple with a pH of 13-14.

Neutral Substance with Universal Indicator

A neutral substance appears green with a pH of 7.

Ions in Acids and Alkalis

Acids contain H+ (Hydrogen ions) and alkalis contain OH- (Hydroxide ions).

Reaction of Acid with Metal

Produces a salt and hydrogen.

Acid Reaction with Carbonate

Produces fizzing due to carbon dioxide being made.

Neutralisation Reaction

An acid reacts with a base to produce a salt and water.

Ionic Equation for Neutralisation

H+ + OH- → H2O.

Ore

A mineral found in the Earth's crust that contains enough metal to be worth extracting.

Native State Metals

Gold and silver are found in the ground in their native state.

Oxidation

Gaining oxygen.

Reduction

Losing oxygen.

Displacement Reaction

A more reactive element displaces a less reactive element from its compound.

Raw Materials in Blast Furnace

Iron ore, coke, limestone, hot air.

Coke in Blast Furnace

Acts as a fuel and produces carbon monoxide for reduction.

Limestone in Blast Furnace

Used to remove impurities as slag.

Hot Air in Blast Furnace

Provides oxygen for coke to burn.

Electrolysis

The splitting up of a compound using electricity.

Oxidation in Terms of Electrons

Loss of electrons.

Reduction in Terms of Electrons

Gain of electrons.

Positive Ions at Negative Electrode

Gain electrons and are reduced.

Negative Ions at Positive Electrode

Lose electrons and are oxidised.

Cryolite in Electrolysis of Aluminium

Dissolves at a lower temperature than its melting point, saving energy.

Oxygen in Electrolysis of Aluminium Oxide

Reacts with carbon electrodes producing carbon dioxide.

Properties of Metals

High melting points, malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat and electricity.

Location of Transition Metals

Found between groups 2 and 3 on the periodic table.

Properties of Transition Metals

Form more than one type of ion and form coloured compounds.

Colours of Fe2+, Fe3+, and Cu2+ Ions

Fe2+ is pale green, Fe3+ is brown, Cu2+ is blue.

Alloy

A mixture made by mixing molten metals.

Factors Influencing Metal Extraction Location

Transport links, electricity supply, proximity to towns or cities.

Activation Energy

The minimum amount of energy needed to start a reaction.

Exothermic Reaction

Releases energy to surroundings, increasing temperature.

Endothermic Reaction

Absorbs energy from surroundings, decreasing temperature.

Crude Oil

A mixture of hydrocarbons.

Hydrocarbon

A compound made of hydrogen and carbon only.

Separation of Crude Oil

Fractional distillation involves vaporizing and then condensing at different points in the column.

Carbon Chain Length and Viscosity

Longer chains increase viscosity and darker colour.

Carbon Chain Length and Boiling Point

Longer chains raise boiling points due to stronger intermolecular forces.

Carbon Chain Length and Ignition

Shorter chains ignite more easily.

Combustion of Fuels

Burning in oxygen produces carbon dioxide and water.

Advantages of Hydrogen as Fuel

Only water produced, making it renewable and does not contribute to global warming.

Disadvantages of Hydrogen as Fuel

Requires a lot of energy to produce and needs bulky, heavy pressurized containers for storage.

Fire Triangle

Consists of fuel, oxygen, and heat.

Cracking

Heating hydrocarbons to break them down into smaller molecules.

General Formula for Alkene

CnH{2n}.

Preparing Crystals of Salt

Add excess base to acid, filter out excess base, and evaporate water to form crystals.

First Five Alkanes

Methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane.

Test for Alkenes

Add bromine water, which will change from orange-brown to colourless.

Monomer

A small reactive molecule that can be joined together to create a polymer.

Uses of Polythene and Poly(propene)

Polythene is used for bags and plastic bottles, poly(propene) is used for ropes and crates.

Uses of PVC and PTFE

PVC is used for drain pipes and window frames, PTFE is used for non-stick pans.

Environmental Issues with Plastics

They take up landfill space, do not biodegrade, and are made from non-renewable crude oil.