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Epinephrine
Adrenergic Agonists
Indication: Allergic reactions, cardiac arrest
Side effects: Tachycardia, palpitations, hypertension
Norepinephrine
Adrenergic Agonists
Midodrine (Proamatine)
Adrenergic Agonists
Albuterol (Proventil)
Adrenergic Agonists
Indication: Asthma
Side effects: Tachycardia, palpitations, hypertension
Prazosin (Minipress)
Adrenergic Antagonists
Doxazosin (Cardura)
Adrenergic Antagonists
Alpha-Blocker
Indication: hypertension
Side effects: dizziness and headaches
Tamsulosin (Flomax)
Adrenergic Antagonists
Metoprolol
Adrenergic Antagonists
Beta-Blocker
Indication: hypertension
Side effects: Bradycardia and hypotension
Propranolol (Inderal)
Adrenergic Antagonists
Bethanechol (Urecholine)
Cholinergic Agonists
Indication: many uses
Side effects: hypertension, hyperhidrosis, bradycardia, hyper urination
Pilocarpine (Salagen)
Cholinergic Agonists
Indication: many uses
Side Effects: hypertension, hyperhidrosis, bradycardia, hyper urination
Donepezil (Aricept)
Cholinergic Agonists
Indication: many uses
Side effects: hypertension, hyperhidrosis, bradycardia, hyper urination
Pyridostigmine (Mestinon)
Cholinergic Agonists
Indication: many uses
Side effects: hypertension, hyperhidrosis, bradycardia, hyper urination
Atropine (Atropen)
Cholinergic Antagonists
Indication: many uses
Side effects: Dry mouth, blurred vision, tachycardia, and urinary retention
Scopolamine (Scopace)
Cholinergic Antagonists
Indication: many uses
Side effects: dry mouth, blurred vision, tachycardia, and urinary retention
Dicyclomine (Bentyl)
Cholinergic Antagonists
Indication: many uses
Side effects: dry mouth, blurred vision, tachycardia, and urinary retention
Ipratropium (Atrovent)
Cholinergic Antagonists
Indication: many uses
Side effects: dry mouth, blurred vision, tachycardia, and urinary retention
Ibuprofen (Advil)
Pain Medications: NSAID
Mild-moderate pain, inflammatory pain, fever reduction, chronic pain management
Side effects: bleeding risk, kidney problems, stomach upset/ulcer, hypertension/stroke
Considerations: GI effects: dyspepsia, heartburn, peptic ulcers, gastritis, GI bleeding; Cardiovascular risk: heart attacks, stroke; Impaired kidney function: fluid retention, HTN, AKI; Inhibition of platelet function: risk of bleeding
Naproxen (Aleve)
Pain Medications: NSAID
Aspirin
Pain Medication: NSAIDS
Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
Pain Medications: Analegsic (pain relieving), Antipyretic (Fever-reducing)
Minimal anti-inflammatory effects
Complications: hepatoxicity- Antidote: acetylcysteine
Considerations: impaired liver function, renal impairment (use cautiously)
Interactions: warfarin, alcohol, CYP 450
Morphine (MS Contin)
Pain Medications; Opioid
Side effects: sedation, nausea, respiratory depression, constipation, euphoria, reduced attention, itchiness
Considerations: Build tolerance, dependence on drug, withdrawal symptoms, increased pain sensitivity, low sex hormone levels, death
Oxycodone (OxyContin)
Pain Medication: opioid
Side effects: sedation, nausea, respiratory depression, constipation, euphoria, reduced attention, itchiness
Considerations: tolerance, dependence on drug, withdrawal symptoms, increased pain sensitivity, low sex hormone levels, death
Hydromorphone (Dilaudid)
Pain Medication: Opioid
Side effects: sedation, nausea, respiratory depression, constipation, euphoria, reduced attention, itchiness
Considerations: tolerance, dependence on drug, withdrawal symptoms, increased pain sensitivity, low sex hormone levels, death
Fentanyl (Duragesic)
Pain Medication: Opioid
Side effects: sedation, nausea, respiratory depression, constipation, euphoria, reduced attention, itchiness
Considerations: tolerance, dependence on drug, withdrawal symptoms, increased pain sensitivity, low sex hormone levels, death
Naloxone (Narcan)
Pain Medication: Opioid Antagonits
Reversal of effects of opioids
Administration: Nasal injection
Complications: tachycardia and tachypnea, abstinence syndrome
Naltrexone (Vivitrol)
Pain Medication: Opioid Antagonist
Treatment of opioid abuse by preventing euphoria
Complications: Tachycardia and tachypnea, abstinence syndrome
Lidocaine (Xylocaine)
Pain Medication: Local Anesthetic
Decrease pain by blocking conduction of pain impulses within a limited area
Local anesthetics:
Complications: seizures, respiratory depression, can lead to unconsciousness, hypotension, cardio suppression, allergic reactions, labor and birth issues
Gabapentin (Neurontin)
Pain Medication: Anticonvulsant
Used to relieve neuropathic pain and neuralgia
Complications: GI distress: N/V, diarrhea, constipation, drowsiness
Amitriptyline (Elavil)
Pain Medication: Antidepressant
Used to treat depression, fibromyalgia syndrome, and neuropathic pain
Complications: orthostatic hypotension, sedation, anticholinergic effects
Dexamethasone (Decadron)
Pain Medication: Corticosteroid
Improve appetite and decrease pain from intracranial pressure, spinal cord compression, and rheumatoid arthritis
Complications: adrenal insufficiency, impaired immune system, osteoporosis, fluid and electrolyte disturbances, glucose intolerance, and peptic ulcer disease
Levodopa/carbidopa (Sinemet)
Parkinson’s Disease Drugs: Dopamine replacement
-Levodopa crosses the blood-brain barrier, converted to dopamine
-Complications: nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, dyskinesias, orthostatic hypotension, cardiovascular effects (tachycardia, palpitations, irregular heartbeat), psychosis, discoloration of sweat and urine
-Side effects: Loss of appetite, postural hypotension, insomnia, vivid dreams, confusion, visual hallucinations, delusions, illusions
-Nursing Considerations: use cautiously in clients who have cardiovascular disorders, pregnancy (no adequate or well-controlled studies), wear off effect, on-off effect
Pramipexole (Mirapex) and Ropinirole (Requip)
Parkinson’s Disease Drugs: Dopamine Agonist
-Administered as a monotherapy, used in conjunction with levodopa/carbidopa to allow lower dosage to reduce fluctuations in motor control
-Side effects/complications: inability to stary awake, sleepiness, orthostatic hypotension, psychosis, impulse control disorder, dyskinesias, nausea
-Nursing considerations: pregnancy (may cause fetal harm)
Entacapone (Comtan) and Tolcapone (Tasmar)
Parkinson’s Disease Drugs: COMT inhibitor
-Beneficial in combination with levodopa/carbidopa to inhibit the metabolism levodopa in the intestines and peripheral tissues
-Side effects/complications: GI: Vomiting, diarrhea, constipation; discoloration of urine, rhabdomyolysis, liver failure
-Nursing considerations: use with caution if hepatic function is impaired
Rasagiline (Azilect) and Selegiline (Eldepryl)
Parkinson’s Disease Drugs: MAO-B Inhibitor
-Prevent dopamine breakdown; used in combination with levodopa/carbidopa to decrease the “wearing off” effect
-Side effects/Complications: insomnia, hypertensive crisis, nausea, diarrhea
-Nursing Considerations: Hypertensive crisis and death can be triggered so; Avoid foods containing tyramine (avocados, soybeans, figs, smoked meats, dried/cured fish, cheese, year products, beer, red wine, chocolate, caffeinated beverages); Avoid medications (meperidine, fluoxetine, MAOIs, antidepressants, sympathomimetics)
Diazepam (Valium)
Anti-Epileptic Drugs: Benzodiazepine
Lorazepam (Ativan)
Anti-Epileptic Drugs: Benzodiazepine
Phenytoin (Dilantin)
Anti-Epileptic Drugs
Carbamazepine (Tegretol)
Anti-Epileptic Drugs
Valproic Acid (Depakote)
Anti-Epileptic Drugs
Lamotrigine (Lamictal)
Anti-epileptic drugs
Levetiracetam (Keppra)
Anti-Epileptic Drugs
Anti-Epileptic Drugs
-Also known as anticonvulsants
-Mechanisms of action: stabilizing neuronal membranes enhancing inhibitory neurotransmitters
-Commonly used AEDs: Phenytoin, Carbamazepine, Valproic acid, lamotrigine, levetiracetam
-Side Effects: Blurry vision, irritability, mood change, weight gain or loss, dizziness, drowsiness, and sleep disturbance, nausea, swollen gums, hair loss or unwanted hair growth
-Nursing Considerations:
Parkinson’s Disease Drugs
-Dopamine replacement therapy (Primary Approach)
-Nursing Considerations: Improvement of manifestations~ absence of tremors or reduction of irritability and stiffness; increase ability to perform ADLs
-Patient Education: N/V reduced by taking meds with food; monitor for sudden loss of effects of the medication; effects may not be noticeable for weeks to months; do not discontinue abruptly
Pain Medication- NSAID
Pain Medication- Opioids
Act on body’s opioid receptors to relieve pain
Clinical uses: moderate-severe pain, postoperative pain, cancer-related pain, sedation
Contraindications/Cautions: Pregnancy and lactation, asthma, emphysema, head injuries, infants and older adults, extreme obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, enlarged prostate
Interactions: CNS depressants, anticholinergics, antihistamines, tricyclic antidepressants, antihypertensives
Administration considerations: assess pain level, take baseline vitals, administer IV opioids slowly over 4 to 5 minutes
Cholinergic Agonists
Cholinergic Antagonists
Adrenergic Antagonists
Adrenergic Agonists
Alpha-Blocker
-osin
Beta-Blocker
-olol
Lisinopril
ACE inhibitor
indication: hypertension
Side effects: angioedema, cough, electrolyte imbalance
Losartan
ARB’s
Indication: hypertension
Side effects: headache, dizziness, drowsiness
Diltiazem Verapamil (Amlodipine)
Calcium-channel blockers
Indication: hypertension
Side effects: peripheral edema and palpitations