Ren R 210 Module 1

Chernozem great groups and subgroups

G.G
- Brown
- Dark Brown
- Black
- Dark Gray

S.G
- Orthic
- Rego
- Calcareous
- Eluviated
- Solonetzic

Solonetz great groups and subgroups

G.G
- Solonetz
- Solodized Solonetz
- Solod

S.G
- Brown
- Dark Brown
- Black

Luvisol great groups and subgroups

G.G
- Gray
- Gray Brown

S.G
- Orthic
- Brunisolic
- Podzolic
- Gleyed
- Dark

Podzol great groups and subgroups

G.G
- Humic
- Ferro-Humic
- Humo-Ferric

S.G
- Orthic
- Luvisolic
- Sombric

Brunisol great groups and subgroups

G.G
- Eutric
- Melanic
- Sombric
- Dystric

S.G
- Orthic
- Eluviated
- Gleyed

What are the soil forming factors of Chernozems?

T: 10-15K years
Cl: continental, semi-arid to subhumid (h2o deficit, mean annual temp >0C but not a lot)
O: native grasses
P: fine texture, glacial moraine, glacial lacustrine, great western sediment basin, calcaerous
R: bench lands to rolling hills

What are the soil forming factors of Solonetzs?

T: 10-15K years
Cl: contiental, semi-arid to subhumid (h2o deficit, mean annual temp >0C but not a lot)
O: native grasses
P: fine texture, sodium content must be high
R: bench lands to rolling hills

What are the soil forming factors of Luvisols?

T: 10-15K years
Cl: contiental, subhumid to humid (more water, colder)
O: forests (broad leaf/ conifer mix)
P: fine to medium texture, glacial moraine, glacial fluvial
R: rolling hills to steep

What are the soil forming factors of Podzols?

T: 10-15 years
Cl: humid (more water)
O: forests (conifers and heathlands)
P: coarse textured
R: flat, rolling hills, steep

What are the soil forming factors of Brunisols?

T: 10-15K years
Cl: subhumid to boreal (cold/wet)
O: forests
P: fine to coarse
R: flat, rolling, steep

Chernozem genetic concepts

1. leaching of calcium carbonate
2. accumulation of organic matter

Solonetz genetic concepts

1. leaching of calcium carbonate
2. accumulation of organic matter
3. sodium rich parent material
4. ground water discharge

Luvisol genetic concepts

1. parent material is fine to medium texture
2. leaching of carbonates (like chernozem but faster)

Podzol genetic concepts

1. acidic parent material
2. coarse texture
3. conifer or heath vegetation
4. podzolization (ELUVIATION of iron and aluminum oxides and organic matter from A horizon and ILLUVIATION of iron and aluminum oxides and organic matter into B horizon)

Brunisol genetic concepts

1. not enough temperature
2. not enough time

Diagnostic horizon of Chernozem

Ah

Diagnostic horizon of Luvisol

Bt

Diagnostic horizon of Solonetz

Bn

Diagnostic horizon of Podzol

Bf, Bh, or Bfh

Diagnostic horizon of Brunisol

Bm

Diagnostic horizon of Gleysol

Bg

Bg or Cg within 50 cm of surface

Gleysolic Order

Bn or Bnt horizon

Solonetzic Order

Chernozemic Ah or Ap

Chernozemic Order

Bt horizon

Luvisolic Order

Bm at least 5 cm thick

Brunisolic Order

Forest soil orders

Brunisol
Podzol
Luvisol

Grassland soil orders

Chernozem
Solonetz

Soil occurs at the interface of...

Atmosphere
Hydrosphere
Biosphere
Lithosphere

Distribution of air, water, mineral and organic material in soil

Air - 20-30%
Water - 20-30%
Mineral - 45%
Organic - 5%

What is a pedon?

the smallest volume that can be regarded as a 'soil'
basic unit of soil

What is a polypedon?

contiguous group of similar pedons
used for mapping purposes

What is a profile?

vertical slice through the soil

What are the master soil horizons?

A (surface)
B (subsurface)
C (parent material)

What is solum?

A and B horizons

Three major steps of soil formation

1. accumulation of parent material
2. effect of soil forming factors
3. differentiation of horizons by soil forming processes

Modes of deposition

Alluvial (moving water)
Lacustrine (standing water)
Marine (tides)
Eolian (wind)
Glacial (moraine, till)
Colluvium (gravity)

Standard color notation

Hue Value/Chroma
Hue - Color
Value - Darkness
Chroma - Saturation

Particle diameters of clay, silt, sand, and gravel

< 0.002 = Clay

0\.002 - 0.02 = Silt

0\.02 - 2.0 = Sand

> 2.0 = Gravel

Typical structure of Ah horizon

Granular

Typical structure of Bt horizon

Blocky

Typical structure of Bt/Bnt horizon

Prismatic

Typical structure of Bn horizon

Columnar

Typical structure of Ae horizon

Platy

Which two soils are commonly found together?

Chernozem and Solonetz
(Chewbaccazem and Hans Solonetz)

Rego Brown Chernozem

Ah
C

Calcareous Brown Chernozem

Ah
Bca
Cca

Orthic Brown Chernozem

Ah
Bm
Cca

Solonetz

Ah
Bn/Bnt
Csak

Solodized Solonetz

Ah
Ae
Bt
Bnt
Csak

Solod

Ah
Ae
Bt
Bnt
Bn
Csak

Orthic Gray Luvisol

LFH
Ae
Bt1
Bt2
C

Orthic Gray Brown Luvisol

Ah
Ae
Bt
Ck

Humic Podzol

Ae
Bh
C

Ferro-Humic Podzol

Ae
Bhf
Bf
BC
C

Humo-Ferric Podzol

LFH
Ae
Bf
BC

Orthic Melanic/Sombric Brunisol

Ah
Bm
C

Orthic Dystric/Eutric Brunisol

Ae
Bm (or Bfj or Btj)
C