M1L2 - Sugars & Carbohydrates

How can you determine if two compounds are enantiomers of one another?

Two compounds are enantiomers if they have the same name but differ in D versus L identification.

What is the relationship between L-glucose and D-glucose?

enantiomers

How can you determine if two compounds are anomers of one another?

Two compounds are anomers if they have the same name and the same D versus L identification, but differ in alpha vs. beta (𝞪/ß)

What is the relationship between 𝞪-D-glucopyranose and ß-D-glucopyranose?

anomers

How can you determine if two compounds are epimers of one another?

Two compounds are epimers if they differ at only one of many chiral centers

What is the relationship of mannose to glucose?

Mannose is the C2 epimer of glucose

What is the relationship of galactose to glucose?

Glucose is the C4 epimer of glucose

What is the identity of 𝞪-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-D-glucopyranose

maltose

What is the identity of ß-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-D-glucopyranose

lactose

What is the identity of 𝞪-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-ß-D-fructofuranose

sucrose

How can you tell if a compound is a reducing sugar?

If there is only one Greek letter in the name, then it is a reducing sugar (i.e. maltose and lactose). The bonded anomeric carbon is neither alpha nor beta, but an interchanging hemi-acetal.

How can you tell if a compound is a nonreducing sugar?

If there are two Greek letters in the name, then it is a nonreducing sugar (i.e. sucrose). The anomeric carbons are linked together and thus unreactive.

What is an 𝞪-1,4’ glucan or polysaccharide of glucose?

amylose

What is a ß-1,4’ glucan or polysaccharide of glucose?

cellulose

What is an 𝞪-1,4’ polysaccharide of glucose with 𝞪-1,6’ branching?

amylopectin

Which polysaccharides are components of starch?

amylose and amylopectin