CH 11: Efferent Division: Autonomic and Somatic Control

Which statements apply to the parasympathetic division of the nervous system?

Epinephrine is the primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic division.

It is dominant during "resting and digesting."

Its ganglia are on or near their target organs.

It is dominant during "resting and digesting" and its ganglia on or near their target organs.

All of the statements apply.

it is dominant during “resting and digesting” and its ganglia on or near their target organs.

The adrenal medulla is important to the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system because it

is a source of catecholamines, is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion, and releases epinephrine and norepinephrine directly into the blood.

releases epinephrine and norepinephrine directly into the blood.

is a source of catecholamines.

is a source of catecholamines and is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion.

is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion.

is a source of catecholamines, is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion, and releases epinephrine and norepinephrine directly into the blood.

Which has its cell body in a ganglion?

somatic motor neuron

postganglionic neuron

preganglionic neuron

preganglionic neuron, postganglionic neuron, and somatic motor neuron

preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron

postganglionic neuron

Which has its cell body in a ganglion?

somatic motor neuron

postganglionic neuron

preganglionic neuron

preganglionic neuron, postganglionic neuron, and somatic motor neuron

preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron

postganglionic neuron

Which areas of the brain exert control over the autonomic nervous system?
1. cerebellum
2. hypothalamus
3. pons
4. medulla
5. thalamus

2, 4

1, 2, 3, 4

1, 2, 4

2, 3, 4

1, 2, 3, 4, 5

2,3,4

Sweat glands contain

beta receptors.

cholinergic receptors.

alpha receptors.

All of the answers are correct.

None of the answers are correct.

cholinergic receptors

Increased parasympathetic stimulation

increases sweat.

increases heart rate.

dilates the pupils.

increases gastric motility.

dilates blood vessels in the arms and legs.

Submit

increases gastric motility

Match the following with its description.

A. acetylcholine
B. norepinephrine
C. cholinergic nicotinic receptor
D. adrenergic receptor
E. cholinergic muscarinic receptor


parasympathetic tissue receptor

acetylcholine

norepinephrine

cholinergic nicotinic receptor

adrenergic receptor

cholinergic muscarinic receptor

cholinergic muscarinic receptor

Match the following with its description.

A. acetylcholine
B. norepinephrine
C. cholinergic nicotinic receptor
D. adrenergic receptor
E. cholinergic muscarinic receptor


target receptor for preganglionic neurons

acetylcholine

norepinephrine

cholinergic nicotinic receptor

adrenergic receptor

cholinergic muscarinic receptor

acetylcholine

Match the following with its description.

A. acetylcholine
B. norepinephrine
C. cholinergic nicotinic receptor
D. adrenergic receptor
E. cholinergic muscarinic receptor


primary sympathetic neurotransmitter

acetylcholine

norepinephrine

cholinergic nicotinic receptor

adrenergic receptor

cholinergic muscarinic receptor

norepinephrine

Match the answers to the questions.

A. true only for the sympathetic division
B. true only for the parasympathetic division
C. true for both divisions


The cell bodies of preganglionic neurons are found either in the brain stem or in the sacral region of the spinal cord.

true only for the sympathetic division

true only for the parasympathetic division

true for both divisions

true only for the parasympathetic division

Match the answers to the questions.

A. true only for the sympathetic division
B. true only for the parasympathetic division
C. true for both divisions


It releases norepinephrine at the neuroeffector synapse.

true only for the sympathetic division

true only for the parasympathetic division

true for both divisions

true only for the sympathetic division

Match the answers to the questions.

A. true only for the sympathetic division
B. true only for the parasympathetic division
C. true for both divisions


It is important during stress or emergencies (fight-or-flight).

true only for the sympathetic division

true only for the parasympathetic division

true for both divisions

true only for the sympathetic division

________ postganglionic sympathetic neurons secrete ________ onto their target cells.

All, acetylcholine

Most, norepinephrine

Most, acetylcholine

All, norepinephrine

most, norepinephrine

If a physiological dose of an experimental drug was administered, and the subject responded to the chemical, which would indicate that this drug is an epinephrine agonist?

constriction of respiratory airways

increase in fatty acids in the blood

decreased sweating

hypoglycemia (low blood glucose)

decreased heart rate

increase in fatty acids in the blood

If the results of an experimental drug treatment included pupil dilation, high blood pressure, and high blood glucose, which conclusion would be indicated?

It acts on alpha adrenergic receptors.

It acts on beta adrenergic receptors.

It acts at the neuromuscular junction.

It acts on muscarinic receptors.

It acts on AMPA receptors.

it acts on alpha adrenergic receptors

A child is rushed to the hospital after taking one of his grandmother's blood pressure medications. He has a low blood pressure and is also having trouble breathing, with audible wheezing upon exhalation. Which class of drugs did the child most likely take?

calcium channel blocker

beta blocker

ACE inhibitor

diuretic

beta blocker

A. sympathetic agonist
B. parasympathetic agonist


pupil dilation

sympathetic agonist

parasympathetic agonist

sympathetic agonist

Match the response with the type of chemical.

A. sympathetic agonist
B. parasympathetic agonist


decreased activity in digestive tract

sympathetic agonist

parasympathetic agonist

sympathetic agonist

The diameter of bronchioles varies under the control of __________ neurons, which cause the diameter to __________.

sympathetic; either increase or decrease, depending upon the type of receptor present

parasympathetic; either increase or decrease, depending upon the type of receptor present

autonomic; constrict under parasympathetic control and dilate under sympathetic control

autonomic; dilate under parasympathetic control and constrict under sympathetic control

autonomic; constrict under parasympathetic control and dilate under sympathetic control

Neurons in the parasympathetic pathway use which of the following neurotransmitters?

Acetylcholine

Acetylcholine (preganglionic) and norepinephrine (postganglionic)

Norepinephrine

Norepinephrine (preganglionic) and acetylcholine (postganglionic)

acetylcholine

Sympathetic pathways originate in which regions of the spinal cord?

Cervical and thoracic

Thoracic and lumbar

Cervical and sacral

Thoracic and sacral

thoracic and lumbar

A patient was exposed to a nerve gas during a chemical warfare attack. The nerve gas inhibited the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. What will happen to the amount of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft, and how can this be treated?

The amount of acetylcholine will increase; treat with a cholinergic receptor agonist.

The amount of acetylcholine will decrease; treat with a cholinergic receptor agonist.

The amount of acetylcholine will increase; treat with a cholinergic receptor antagonist.

The amount of acetylcholine will decrease; treat with a cholinergic receptor antagonist.

the amount of acetylcholine will increase, treat with a cholinergic antagonist

Which nervous system division has parasympathetic and sympathetic branches?

The involuntary division of the afferent nervous system

The visceral division of the afferent nervous system

The autonomic division of the efferent nervous system

The somatic division of the efferent nervous system

the autonomic division of the efferent nervous system

     Which of the following characteristics is similar between the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches for most neurons?    

Site of origin of the nerves

Receptor type on the target tissues

Neurotransmitter secreted from the preganglionic neuron.

Neurotransmitter secreted from the postganglionic neuron.

neurotransmitter secreted from the preganglionic neuron

Which is the main enzyme responsible for the breakdown of catecholamines?

Protein kinase A

Monoamine oxidase

Norepinephrine

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

monoamine oxidase

Which adrenergic receptor subtype has the greatest sensitivity for epinephrine?

α1

β1

β2

β3

β₂

Which of the following is an effect of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Airway constriction

Increased heart rate

Increased renin secretion

Decreased urination

airway constriction

A patient is prescribed a drug that increases neurotransmitter active transport in a synapse. What effect will this have?

Decreased neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft and increased signaling of target cells

Increased neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft and decreased signaling of target cells

Increased neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft and increased signaling of target cells

Decreased neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft and decreased signaling of target cells

Decreased neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft and decreased signaling of target cells

A patient with asthma is prescribed a β₂ receptor agonist to stimulate bronchodilation. This drug will stimulate effects similar to ligands secreted from _____.

parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

the adrenal medulla

sympathetic postganglionic neurons

somatic motor neurons

the adrenal medulla

The motor end plate is

a special fibrous matrix whose collagen fibers hold the axon terminal in proper position.

formed by the membrane of enlarged axon terminals, that lie on the surface of skeletal muscle cells.

the same as the neuromuscular junction.

a folded area of muscle cell membrane with ACh receptors clustered at the top of each fold.

the same as the synaptic cleft.

a folded area of muscle cell membrane with ACh receptors clustered at the top of each fold

The target tissues of somatic motor neurons are __________.

skeletal muscles

cardiac and smooth muscles

skeletal and cardiac muscles

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles

skeletal

How is a neuroeffector junction different from a neuromuscular junction (NMJ)?

There is no effective way of blocking (antagonizing) the effect of the autonomic nervous system, but blocking the somatic motor system is relatively easy.

Acetylcholine is secreted in all neuromuscular junctions, but norepinephrine is secreted in all neuroeffector junctions.

Synapses of the somatic motor system receive input from the brain, whereas the autonomic nervous system signaling originates in the spinal cord.

Neurotransmitter receptors are concentrated on the postsynaptic membrane in the NMJ but diffusely arranged across the tissue in a varicosity in a neuroeffector junction.

Neurotransmitter receptors are concentrated on the postsynaptic membrane in the NMJ but diffusely arranged across the tissue in a varicosity in a neuroeffector junction.

Which type of receptor is found in the neuromuscular junction?

Muscarinic

Adrenergic

Nicotinic

Dopaminergic

nicotinic

What stimulates ACh release into the synaptic cleft of a neuromuscular junction?

Calcium enters the axon terminal to stimulate endocytosis of ACh.

An action potential opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in the axon terminal.

Calcium diffuses into the synaptic cleft to stimulate acetylcholinesterase.

Acetylcholinesterase opens vesicles, allowing ACh to diffuse into the cleft.

ac action potential opens voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channels in the axon terminal

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor is a common treatment for myasthenia gravis. Why does this help decrease some of the symptoms of this autoimmune disease?

AChE inhibition increases the breakdown of ACh.

AChE inhibitors bind to the remaining ACh receptors.

AChE inhibition increases ACh in the synaptic cleft to bind remaining ACh receptors.

AChE inhibition stimulates muscle cells to make ACh receptors.

AChE inhibition increases ACh in the synaptic cleft to bind remaining ACh receptors

How many molecules of ACh bind to a cholinergic nicotinic receptor on a skeletal muscle cell?

One

Two

Three

Four

two

What would be the effect of ACh binding to its receptor on a skeletal muscle cell?

Na+ would flow out of the cell, and K+ would flow into the cell.

Na+ would flow into the cell, and K+ would flow out of the cell.

Ca2+ would flow out of the cell, and Na+ would flow into the cell.

Ca2+ would flow into the cell, and Na+ would flow out of the cell.

Na⁺ would flow into the cell, and K⁺ would flow out of the cell.