TEMA 1-7 SPANISH (UPDATED)

What are the two verbs for "to be" in Spanish?

Ser and Estar.

What is ser generally used for?

For describing identity, origin, characteristics, and telling time.

What is estar generally used for?

For expressing feelings and location.

What acronym helps you remember when to use ser?

DOCTOR (Description, Occupation, Characteristic, Time, Origin, Relationship).

What acronym helps you remember when to use estar?

PLACE (Position, Location, Action, Condition, Emotion).

Conjugate ser for "yo."

Yo soy.

Conjugate ser for "tú."

Tú eres.

Conjugate ser for "él/ella/usted."

Él/Ella/Usted es.

Conjugate ser for "nosotros."

Nosotros somos.

Conjugate ser for "ellos/ellas/ustedes."

Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes son.

Conjugate estar for "yo."

Yo estoy.

Conjugate estar for "tú."

Tú estás.

Conjugate estar for "él/ella/usted."

Él/Ella/Usted está.

Conjugate estar for "nosotros."

Nosotros estamos.

Conjugate estar for "ellos/ellas/ustedes."

Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes están.

Translate: "I am a student" (using ser).

Yo soy estudiante.

Translate: "I am tired" (using estar).

Yo estoy cansado/a.

Why does "I am a student" use ser but "I am tired" use estar?

"Student" is a permanent trait (identity), while "tired" is a temporary condition.

What does "regular verb" mean in Spanish grammar?

A verb that follows a predictable pattern when conjugated.

What are the three main types of regular verbs in Spanish?

-AR, -ER, and -IR verbs.

What are the present tense endings for -AR verbs?

-o, -as, -a, -amos, -an

Conjugate bailar (to dance) for "yo."

Yo bailo.

Conjugate bailar for "tú."

Tú bailas.

Conjugate bailar for "él/ella/usted."

Él/Ella/Usted baila.

Conjugate bailar for "nosotros."

Nosotros bailamos.

Conjugate bailar for "ellos/ellas/ustedes."

Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes bailan.

Translate: "We dance."

Nosotros bailamos.

Translate: "They dance."

Ellos bailan.

What are the present tense endings for -ER verbs?

-o, -es, -e, -emos, -en

Conjugate comer (to eat) for "yo."

Yo como.

Conjugate comer for "tú."

Tú comes.

Conjugate comer for "él/ella/usted."

Él/Ella/Usted come.

Conjugate comer for "nosotros."

Nosotros comemos.

Conjugate comer for "ellos/ellas/ustedes."

Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes comen.

Translate: "We eat."

Nosotros comemos.

Translate: "I eat pizza."

Yo como pizza.

What are the present tense endings for -IR verbs?

-o, -es, -e, -imos, -en

Conjugate vivir (to live) for "yo."

Yo vivo.

Conjugate vivir for "tú."

Tú vives.

Conjugate vivir for "él/ella/usted."

Él/Ella/Usted vive.

Conjugate vivir for "nosotros."

Nosotros vivimos.

Conjugate vivir for "ellos/ellas/ustedes."

Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes viven.

Translate: "We live in Texas."

Nosotros vivimos en Texas.

Translate: "They live in Mexico."

Ellos viven en México.

What is the yo ending for all regular verbs in the present tense?

-o

Which ending changes for "nosotros" across verb types?

-amos (-AR), -emos (-ER), -imos (-IR).

Which pronoun forms are identical for -ER and -IR verbs in the present tense?

Yo, tú, él/ella/usted, ellos/ellas/ustedes — they share the same endings (-o, -es, -e, -en).

What's the only form that differs between -ER and -IR verbs?

Nosotros (emos vs. imos).

Translate: "You (informal) live in Spain."

Tú vives en España.

Translate: "We eat breakfast."

Nosotros comemos el desayuno.

Translate: "She dances very well."

Ella baila muy bien.

What does "DOP" stand for in Spanish grammar?

Direct Object Pronoun.

What does a direct object do in a sentence?

It receives the action of the verb.

What does a direct object pronoun (DOP) replace?

It replaces the direct object noun to avoid repetition.

Why are DOPs used?

To make sentences shorter and smoother.

What are the singular DOPs in Spanish?

Me, te, lo, la.

What are the plural DOPs in Spanish?

Nos, los, las.

What does the DOP me mean?

Me (me).

What does the DOP te mean?

You (informal).

What does the DOP lo mean?

Him, it (masculine), or you (formal masculine).

What does the DOP la mean?

Her, it (feminine), or you (formal feminine).

What does the DOP nos mean?

Us.

What does the DOP los mean?

Them (masculine/mixed), or y'all (formal plural masculine).

What does the DOP las mean?

Them (feminine), or y'all (formal plural feminine).

Where is the DOP placed in relation to a conjugated verb?

Before the conjugated verb.

Where can a DOP go in an infinitive verb construction?

Attached to the end of the infinitive (e.g., comprarlo).

Where can a DOP go in a gerund (-ing) form?

Attached to the end of the gerund (e.g., comprándolo).

Translate: "I buy the dog."

Yo compro el perro.

Replace the direct object with a pronoun: "Yo compro el perro."

Yo lo compro.

Translate: "He buys the flowers."

Él compra las flores.

Replace the direct object with a pronoun: "Él compra las flores."

Él las compra.

Translate: "We eat the apples."

Nosotros comemos las manzanas.

Replace the direct object with a pronoun: "Nosotros comemos las manzanas."

Nosotros las comemos.

Translate: "They see me."

Ellos me ven.

Translate: "I love you."

Yo te amo.

Translate: "She calls him."

Ella lo llama.

Translate: "He invites us."

Él nos invita.

Translate: "I watch them (feminine)."

Yo las miro.

Translate: "They visit him."

Ellos lo visitan.

What does "IOP" stand for in Spanish grammar?

Indirect Object Pronoun.

What question does an indirect object answer?

"To whom?" or "For whom?" the action is done.

What do indirect object pronouns replace?

Nouns that tell to/for whom something is done.

Why are IOPs used?

To make sentences less repetitive and smoother.

List all the IOPs in Spanish.

Me, te, le, nos, les.

What does me mean as an IOP?

To/for me.

What does te mean as an IOP?

To/for you (informal).

What does le mean as an IOP?

To/for him, her, or you (formal).

What does nos mean as an IOP?

To/for us.

What does les mean as an IOP?

To/for them or to/for you all.

Where does the IOP go in a sentence with a conjugated verb?

Before the conjugated verb.

Where can the IOP go in a sentence with an infinitive or gerund?

Attached to the end of the infinitive or gerund.

Translate: "I give money to her."

Yo le doy dinero.

Translate: "We write to them."

Nosotros les escribimos.

Translate: "She tells me the truth."

Ella me dice la verdad.

Translate: "They send you (informal) a letter."

Ellos te envían una carta.

In what order do IOPs and DOPs appear when used together?

IOP first, then DOP.

What happens when both pronouns start with "L" (like le lo)?

You must change le or les to se.

What is the "No Le Lo" rule?

Never use le or les directly before lo, la, los, las — change it to se.

Example: "I give the flowers to her." → Combine with pronouns.

Yo se las doy.

Example: "Kris gives flowers to me." → Combine with pronouns.

Kris me las da.