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compressive strength
the force at which a material breaks under pressure
tensile strength
A measure of how much stress from pulling, or tension, a material can withstand before breaking.
bending strength
The ability to resist forces that may bend the material.
shear strength
measures the largest shear force a materials can stand before ripping apart
Torsional strength
Resists a twisting force
Hardness
A measure of how easily a mineral can be scratched
Toughness
the ability of a material to resist fracture
Plasticity
ability to be molded
Ductility
The ability to be pulled into thin wires
Malleability
the ability of a solid to be hammered without shattering
Elasticity
The ability of a material to bounce back after being disturbed
Density
the degree of compactness of a substance.
Fusibility
Ability to become a liquid when heated
Magnetism
The force of attraction or repulsion of magnetic materials
electrical conductor
A material through which electric charge can flow easily
electrical insulator
a material through which charge cannot flow easily
thermal conductor
a material through which thermal energy flows easily
thermal insulator
a material through which thermal energy moves slowly
thermal expansion
the expansion of matter when it is heated
opaque
impossible to see through; preventing the passage of light
translucent
Allowing light to pass through
transparent
Allowing light to pass through
Ferrous
with iron
Non-ferrous
containing no iron
Alloys
mixtures of two or more metals
Thermoplastic
a material that softens when heated and hardens again when cooled
Thermosetting
Capable of being permanently hardened by heat and pressure; resistant to the further effects of heat.
Elastomer
a natural or synthetic polymer having elastic properties
composite
made up of separate parts
Smart materials
Materials which change in response to their surroundings, such as light levels or temperature.
Modern materials
Materials that are developed through the invention of new or improved processes.
toughness test
Izod impact test-Tough materials absorb impact, brittle materials shatter
Paper stock forms
sizes from A0 (largest size) to A8 (smallest), each 'A' size is half the size of the previous one - for example, A4 is half the size of A3.
compliant materials
materials that are flexible, such as textiles and some plastics
gsm
grams per square meter
Rough Sawn
Timber direct from the saw.
Planned square edge (PSE)
wood has only one edge that is planned accurately, the rest is rough sawn
Planned all round (PAR)
wood has sides and edges that are all planned square, straight and level
natural wood
wood that comes from trees and is available only at the maximum width of the tree
Manufactured boards
Made from converting logs into a variety of forms and gluing them together to create sheet materials.
mouldings
Pre-made moulding's such as skirting boards or wooden trims are readily available in standard lengths up to approximately 4 metres.
Air seasoning
a traditional inexpensive method which involves stacking the wood under a shelter, protected from the rain. Air circulates between the planks to slowly remove the excess moisture
kiln seasoning
more expensive but controlled method which is very quick and can take just a few weeks. Planks are stacked onto trolleys and placed in the kiln where both temperature and humidity are controlled
Bauxite
A mineral used in making aluminum
synthetic polymers
man made polymers made from crude oil
Natural bio-polymers
made from natural materials
Synthetic bio-polymers
made from renewable resources but chemically engineered to break down more quickly
Shape memory alloys
Shape memory alloys are metals that when deformed, can spring back into its original shape once released.
Thermochromic pigments
Pigments that change colour in response to heat (smart material)
Phosphorescent pigments
Pigments that absorb light and then re-emit it over time (smart material)
Photochromic pigments
A smart material which changes colour in response to a change in light e.g. sunglasses which tint in sunlight
Electroluminescent wire
Thin copper wire coated in a phosphorescent material that glows in response to an alternating current
Piezoelectric
the generation of a voltage across a solid when a mechanical stress is applied
antistatics
Reduce the likelihood of the polymer building up a static charge.
Thermal antioxidants
Prevent the polymer oxidising or discolouring due to excessive heat during processing.
lubricants
materials that reduce friction
flame retardant
a substance that is applied to material to make it resistant to catching fire
plasticisers
to make polymers soft and flexible e.g. plasticised PVC.
Bio-batch additives
help reduce the degradation time using oxy-degradable, photo-degradable and hydro-degradable additives
Antioxidants
Organic molecules that help protect the body from harmful chemicals called free radicals
preservatives
additive used to protect against decay, discoloration, or spoilage
Work hardening
Also known as strain hardening or cold working, this is the process of toughening a metal through plastic deformation.
Annealing
heat (metal or glass) and allow it to cool slowly, in order to remove internal stresses and toughen it.
case hardening
Hardening of the outer surface (or case) of a steel component; used to improve wear and fatigue resistance.
carburising
The addition of carbon to the surface of a low-carbon steel to improve hardness and strength.
Quenching
Cooling a hot piece of metal rapidly, as in water or oil.
die cutting
the process by which a part is cut from a piece of cardboard or paper using a steel die
Cutting Dies
Die cutters are used to cut out 'nets' or 'developments' that, when folded and assembled, will form a 3D shape such as a box
Creasing rules
Creases are created in paper or card using a blunt creasing cutter to make crease areas for folding edges
Vacuum Forming
lightweight trays, box inserts and liners
thermo-forming
bath, food packaging
calendering
thin polymer sheet or film
line bending
acrylic boxes, shelves
Lamination
boat hulls, train carriages, film props
injection moulding
electrical products casings
blow moulding
drink bottles, shampoo bottles, detergent bottles
rotational moulding
traffic cones, kayaks, water tanks
extrusion
solid rods, tubing, angular sections
compression moulding
electrical light fittings, picnic plates and cups
Forming
no material is removed, but materials are deformed to produce the required shape
Redistribution
the material is changed from one form to another without loss of material
wastage
processes that cut away material to leave the desired shape.
Press forming
metal seats, car body panels, boxes and containers
spinning
saucepans, metal light shades, body of stainless steel kettles
cupping and deep drawing
fire extinguishers, aerosol cans, drink cans
drop forging
spanners, pliers and screwdrivers shafts
wrought iron forging
decorative metalwork
sand casting
railway carriage wheels, wood working clamps, vices, drain covers
gravity die casting
alloy wheels, engine components, door knobs and handles
Pressure die casting (hot chamber)
toy cars, decorative door knobs and handles
Pressure die casting (cold chamber)
toy cars, decorative door knobs and handles
investing casting (lost wax casting)
cast jewellery, hip replacement joints
low temperature pewter casting
jewellery key fobs and decorative components
MIG Welding
Metal Inert Gas
TIG Welding
tungsten inert gas welding or gas tungsten arc welding
Oxy-acetylene welding
Uses a mixture of Oxygen and Acetylene to create a flame that will burn at temperatures of around 2500°C.
spot welding
used to join two pieces of sheet metal by passing a high electrical current through a small spot where the two pieces touch.
Soldering
Joining small pieces of metal together using molten metal.
Brazing
the process of joining metal with a filler rod that melts at a temperature below the metal being joined
self-tapping screws
screwed in through a pilot hole to cut its own thread
