Architecture 292 Quiz 1 January 28 - "Arts and Crafts/ Garden City" to the first lecture on "Skyscrapers"

Garden City

A concept of urban planning introduced by Ebenezer Howard in the late 19th century, aiming to create self-contained communities surrounded by greenbelts, combining the benefits of both urban and rural living.

1. negotiation with the ideals of industrialization: somewhat large-scale production for export (through railroads and canals), waterfalls and windmills as power to replace steam/coal power

2. negotiation with capitalism: real estate was a community, cooperative affair, intervention when business competition hurt the survival of a business

3. reaction against urbanization: limited population, common ownership of the land, large area of green space, walking community

Arts and Crafts

A design movement that emerged in the late 19th century, emphasizing handcrafted goods, traditional craftsmanship, and the integration of art and design in everyday life.

Main Features:

1. supports functionality (forms and spaces designed for specific functions) over standardization

2. advocated simple tools, natural materials and skilled work

3. allows for machine production, but only as used by the skilled artisan at their discretion

4. opposes widespread division of labour

Summary:

1. reaction against industrialization: individual functional solutions rather than mass produced solutions, advancing the skill of the worker, limiting the role of the machine

2. reaction against capitalism: in Morris’s furniture and decorating company, the ideal was hardworking, fair pay to workers, and quality construction; this meant slow production which went against the idea of fast production for economic growth and capital gain.

Ferrovitreous

A construction technique that uses iron and glass, often seen in the design of greenhouses and train stations during the 19th century.

Crystal Palace

An exhibition hall built in London for the Great Exhibition of 1851, known for its innovative use of iron and glass, symbolizing the industrial age.

Red House

A notable example of Arts and Crafts architecture, designed by Philip Webb for William Morris in the 1850s, characterized by its use of local materials and integration with the surrounding landscape. It features a distinctive red brick facade and embodies the principles of the Arts and Crafts movement, promoting harmony between nature and architecture.

Industry

1. systematic production of goods relying on a division of labour

2. often mechanized production

3. large scale standardized mass production

4. large, organized work force (from the unskilled to the highly specialized)

Capitalism

1. its main goal is to amass capital (wealth that can be reinvested in the economic process of production and consumption in order to sustain growth)

2. an economic system based on growth; if not growth, recession

3. growth in capitalism relies often on sustained access to natural resources

4. capitalism tends to be decentralized: decisions are often made by individual, competitive economic players rather than centralized institutions, such as governments, or, traditionally guilds

urbanization

1. a system of marking cities based on the economy of industry, capitalism and growth

2. shift from decentralized agrarian (working of the land) or small village communities or even cities to centralized urban society

3. centralization of people for production, consumption, communication