Studied by 5 people
Arete
an air of excellence, in art
Logos
mind (appeal to logic)
Ethos
authority
Pathos
emotions
an sit
if it is
quid sit
what it is
quale sit
what kind it is (quality)
what are “Pleasure’s a sin, and sometimes sin’s a pleasure”; “despised if ugly: if she’s fair, betrayed” examples of?
Parallelism
Metaphors for arguments
War, dance, stew, conversation, barn raising, exploration, woodworking, cooking
Rhetoric
effective or persuasive speech or writing
Rhetor
someone who practices rhetoric
Rhetorician
someone who practices or theorizes about rhetoric
Argument
the presentation of your ideas (or a disagreement between two people)
Quadrivium/Scientific Arts
Astronomy, Math, Geometry, and Music
Trivium/Humanities
Grammar, Logic, and Rhetoric
Who were the Sophists?
Aristotle’s/Plato’s enemies, charged for education, traveled around. They are where the negative definition of rhetoric/argument came from
Chronos
time you can count
Kairos
the quality of time/time within your relationship/within the argument for it to be the ‘right time’
What is the heuristic of the 5 Canons?
1. Invention 2. Arrangement 3. Style 4. Memory 5. Delivery
Intrinsic
Invention of an argument
Extrinsic
Facts/Testimony (external sources)
Isocrates
said that students should not be taught the creative activity of writing as if it was an ordered art
Eikos
probability: “What is the degree of belief I will be awarded?” (somewhere between certainty and chance)
What logical proof is ordered: Major premise > minor premise (as many as you want) > conclusion? (Ex. “all dolphins are mammals>mammals have kidneys> dolphins have kidneys”)
Deduction
Which proof leaves out one of the logical steps? (ex. Jeff Bezos is greedy, therefore; he is unhappy; leaves out the major premise: all greedy people are unhappy)
Enthymemes
Which logical proof goes from the specific to the universal (ex. God provides for the birds; therefore, he will provide for us)?
Inductive
what types of examples are often used in rhetoric?
historical and fictional
Maxims
sayings that many in the culture hold to be true
Signs
Evidence of something. (But some signs are just stereotypes.) Ex. a fever is a sign of sickness
Examples from similarity
If two game shows were rigged, they will all be rigged (from the book, not lecture)
Examples from the contrary
“nobody died when Clinton lied.” to contrast with Bush’s lies, which killed people (from the book, not lecture)
what is the semiotic triangle
model of how linguistic symbols relate to the objects they represent
what are the 3 parts of the semiotic triangle?
the expression (signifier), the affection of the spirit (signified) and the primary substance (object)
What are the 4 points of stasis?
Conjecture (Does even X exist in order to be considered?)
Definition (How should X be defined?)
Quality (How serious is X?)
Policy (Should there be some specific procedure for X?)
What are the points of refutation?
uncertainty, incredibility, impossibility, lack of consistency, impropriety, and/or inconvenience
What was Lyceum?
Aristotle’s school in athens
What was the Academy?
Plato’s school
Focus of Socrates?
Socrates' philosophy examines how we should live—saying the unexamined life is not worth living
Who taught whom (Aristotle, Socrates, Plato)
Socrates>Plato>Aristotle
who was Gorgias?
the guy who wrote Helen’s encomium
what school of thought did Gorgias ascribe to?
he was a sophist and itinerant
Isocrates goals were what?
The aim of Isocrates' education was to develop the abilities of students to think clearly, communicate persuasively and act effectively
What is a heuristic?
an “aid to discovery”
Who is attributed with the invention of “commonplaces and probabilities”
older sophists
Who is the contributor of enthymemes, examples, signs, and maxims?
Aristotle
Who’s credited with the invention of stasis theory?
Hermagoras of Temnos
Conjecture, Degree, and Possibility
Commonplaces
What is a commonplace?
A statement that regularly circulates within members of the community
Topic
A procedure that generates arguments
What is conjecture?
Whether a thing has (or not) occurred and will (or not) occur
What is degree?
Whether a thing is greater or smaller then another thing
What is possibility?
What is (and is not) possible
Major premise
a statement assumed true at the beginning of a discussion
minor premise
a premise that refers to a particular
conclusion
the logical end of the major + minor premise
Who is credited with maxims, enthymemes, inductive reasoning, deductive reasoning, examples, and analogies?
Aristotle
Note
Flashcard