Advanced Comp Midterm

Dr. Busch Spring 2023

Arete

an air of excellence, in art

Logos

mind (appeal to logic)

Ethos

authority

Pathos

emotions

an sit

if it is

quid sit

what it is

quale sit

what kind it is (quality)

what are “Pleasure’s a sin, and sometimes sin’s a pleasure”; “despised if ugly: if she’s fair, betrayed” examples of?

Parallelism

Metaphors for arguments

War, dance, stew, conversation, barn raising, exploration, woodworking, cooking

Rhetoric

effective or persuasive speech or writing

Rhetor

someone who practices rhetoric

Rhetorician

someone who practices or theorizes about rhetoric

Argument

the presentation of your ideas (or a disagreement between two people)

Quadrivium/Scientific Arts

Astronomy, Math, Geometry, and Music

Trivium/Humanities

Grammar, Logic, and Rhetoric

Who were the Sophists?

Aristotle’s/Plato’s enemies, charged for education, traveled around. They are where the negative definition of rhetoric/argument came from

Chronos

time you can count

Kairos

the quality of time/time within your relationship/within the argument for it to be the ‘right time’

What is the heuristic of the 5 Canons?

1. Invention 2. Arrangement 3. Style 4. Memory 5. Delivery

Intrinsic

Invention of an argument

Extrinsic

Facts/Testimony (external sources)

Isocrates

said that students should not be taught the creative activity of writing as if it was an ordered art

Eikos

probability: “What is the degree of belief I will be awarded?” (somewhere between certainty and chance)

What logical proof is ordered: Major premise \> minor premise (as many as you want) \> conclusion? (Ex. “all dolphins are mammals\>mammals have kidneys\> dolphins have kidneys”)

Deduction

Which proof leaves out one of the logical steps? (ex. Jeff Bezos is greedy, therefore; he is unhappy; leaves out the major premise: all greedy people are unhappy)

Enthymemes

Which logical proof goes from the specific to the universal (ex. God provides for the birds; therefore, he will provide for us)?

Inductive

what types of examples are often used in rhetoric?

historical and fictional

Maxims

sayings that many in the culture hold to be true

Signs

Evidence of something. (But some signs are just stereotypes.) Ex. a fever is a sign of sickness

Examples from similarity

If two game shows were rigged, they will all be rigged (from the book, not lecture)

Examples from the contrary

“nobody died when Clinton lied.” to contrast with Bush’s lies, which killed people (from the book, not lecture)

what is the semiotic triangle

model of how linguistic symbols relate to the objects they represent

what are the 3 parts of the semiotic triangle?

the expression (signifier), the affection of the spirit (signified) and the primary substance (object)

What are the 4 points of stasis?

1. Conjecture (Does even X exist in order to be considered?)
2. Definition (How should X be defined?)
3. Quality (How serious is X?)
4. Policy (Should there be some specific procedure for X?)

What are the points of refutation?

uncertainty, incredibility, impossibility, lack of consistency, impropriety, and/or inconvenience

What was Lyceum?

Aristotle’s school in athens

What was the Academy?

Plato’s school

Focus of Socrates?

Socrates' philosophy examines how we should live—saying the unexamined life is not worth living

Who taught whom (Aristotle, Socrates, Plato)

Socrates>Plato>Aristotle

who was Gorgias?

the guy who wrote Helen’s encomium

what school of thought did Gorgias ascribe to?

he was a sophist and itinerant

Isocrates goals were what?

The aim of Isocrates' education was to develop the abilities of students to think clearly, communicate persuasively and act effectively

What is a heuristic?

an “aid to discovery”

Who is attributed with the invention of “commonplaces and probabilities”

older sophists

Who is the contributor of enthymemes, examples, signs, and maxims?

Aristotle

Who’s credited with the invention of stasis theory?

Hermagoras of Temnos

Conjecture, Degree, and Possibility

Commonplaces

What is a commonplace?

A statement that regularly circulates within members of the community

Topic

A procedure that generates arguments

What is conjecture?

Whether a thing has (or not) occurred and will (or not) occur

What is degree?

Whether a thing is greater or smaller then another thing

What is possibility?

What is (and is not) possible

Major premise

a statement assumed true at the beginning of a discussion

minor premise

a premise that refers to a particular

conclusion

the logical end of the major + minor premise

Who is credited with maxims, enthymemes, inductive reasoning, deductive reasoning, examples, and analogies?

Aristotle