ANSC 240 Midterm

What are the grand challenges of animal agriculture/production?

1. Environment

2. Well-being

3. Climate

4. Disease

5. Limited resources

6. Competing Uses

When it comes to meat animals, all of them have remained the same. Except for what animal?

Chicken - the quantity of chicken have increases

How much have egg production increased by?

65%

Which animal meat have remained fairly consistent?

Red meat

Which animal meat has been increasing

Poultry

True or False: Chicken size increased over time because of hormones

False

Is this image correct?

True

How are we getting these efficiencies regarding animal products?

• Animals themselves

• Consolidation

• Housing system

• Industry structure

• Inputs

• Outputs

What kind of curve are we looking at when talking about the efficiencies of the animals themselves?

Tissue growth curve

What causes a change in the growth curve

genetic and animal environment

Regarding to animal product efficiencies, what does the term consolidation refers to?

Fewer operation with more animals

Ex. Pig operation ↓, $# of pigs ↑

Regarding the house system, what do we have control of? (also regarding to animal product efficiencies)

• Temperature

• Air flow/quality

Regarding animal products what are the inputs we use towards animals?

• Feed source (both modified and new)

• Pharmaceuticals (preventative and enhancing)

Regarding inputs, what species are we (the U.S.) legally allowed to administer hormones?

Beef and dairy cattle

Regarding animal products, and output, who are the demanders?

• Consumers

• Policy makers

• International Market

Regarding animal production, where are we at?

1. Highly effective

2. More output, less farm

3. Mostly vertically integ.

   • EXCEPT CATTLE

Regarding the animal life phases, what does the growth curve look like? And what do you see on it?

Regarding to the stages of growth, what is the Law of Developmental Direction?

Tissue deposition (develops) starting at the anterior (cranial = head) to the posterior pattern (caudal = tail). It also refers to the changes in body shape and conformation.

Regarding to the measurement of changes in body composition, are there any changes to the body composition, if so what?

Yes

• ↑ in size

  • length, height, girth, volume

• ↑ in weight

How many phases are there in the stages of growth?

4

Describe phase 1

Phase 1 is shortly after birth - early weaning. Growth of head, neck, and leg is complete.

What’s the percentage of the total growth complete in phase 1?

15 - 20%

Regarding to phase 1, which tissues are active?

• Organ - very active

• Bone & muscle - active

• Fat - very limited

Regarding to phase 2, what is it also known as?

The growing phase (the ↑ in body length)

At phase 2, what is the percentage of the total growth complete?

75%

Regarding phase 2, what is the status of the tissues?

• Organ - approaching maturity

• Bone - began to slow

• Muscle - very active

• Fat - began to increase

Regarding to phase 3, what is it also referred to as?

Finishing phase, THIS DOES NOT MEAN THAT WE ARE FINISHED.

What occurs in the finishing phase?

The deepening and thickening of bodt

Regarding to phase 3, what is the percentage of the total growth complete?

80 - 90%

Regarding to phase 3, what's the status of the tissues?

• Organs - mature

• Bone - mature

• Muscle - very active

• Fat - very active

What is phase 4 also known as?

Finished OR broad

What is being majorly increased in phase 4?

Hint: It’s related to one of the tissue

Fat weight

Regarding to phase 4, what is the percentage of the total growth?

90 - 95%

Regarding to phase 4, what’s the status of the tissues?

• Fat - active

• Muscle - slows

True or False: Phase 3 is considered as the least efficient phase.

False; It’s phase 4

Why is phase 4 considered as the least efficient phase?

It is because if the animal is gaining anything, it’s just fat.

What can impact the growth curve?

• Genetics

• Environment

How can genetics impact the growth curve?

Breed

• Terminal Vs Maternal

• Specific genes

• Individual animal variation

How can environment impact the growth curve

• Housing

• Nutrition

• Management

When it comes to birth weight, do we want them heavy or light?

Light; we want smaller birth weight, ESPECIALLY IN CATTLES

Regarding animal housing today, what species are usually kept indoors?

• Swine

• Poultry

What are the pro’s of having a controlled environment?

• Less impact of weather, predators, and disease introduction

• Consistent nutrition & observation

What are the con’s of having a controlled environment?

• Disease spreading

• Public perceptioin

Regarding the animal housing today, what species are kept inside AND outside?

• Beef

• Dairy

What are the pro’s of having species kept indoors and outdoors?

• Natural behavior & environment

  • Ruminants are designed to roam

What are the con’s of having species kept indoors and outdoors?

• Disease introduction

  • less environmental control

What does CFO stand for?

Controlled Feeding Operation

What does CAFO stand for?

Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation

What kind of operation does CFO & CAFO do?

• Large scale animal operation

• Regulation first developed by EPA

• Individual state charged with administering regulation

True or False: Majority of food producing animals in U.S. are on CAFO.

False; It’s the CFO

Regarding CFO & CAFO (in Indiana), what does all operation need to be regulated under?

Indiana’s Confined Feeding Program

Regarding CFO & CAFO, who process the permits?

IDEM (Indiana Department of Environmental Management)

True or False (Also regarding the CFO & CAFO): New operations MUST start with permit from Indiana’s Confined Feeding Program.

False; Permit must be from the IDEM

Breeds of dairy cows and lay hens would be considered as terminal or maternal breeds?

Maternal

When it comes to animal housing, who makes the rules?

• Home - rule state

• Limited home - rule state

What is a home rule state?

• When the state grants power to the counties or cities

• Governs themselves

  • County laws CAN’T conflict with state or federal constitution

What is a limited home rule state?

• Counties are given limited abilities

• Must get permission to set specific legislation outside of what has been given to them

What kind of rule state is Indiana?

Limited home rule state

When it comes to starting a CFO or CAFO, can county still have regulation?

Yes;

• County can set their own ordinance

• But CANT conflict with IDEM regulation

• County can dictate acceptable use of land

When it comes to starting an animal operation, what does the IDEM determine?

They determine HOW it can happen

When it comes to starting an animal operation, what does the County determines?

They determines WHERE it can happen

What occurs when we scale up?

• Increased animals = increased stock density

  • meaning more contact between animals

• Increased control of some disease

• Decrease control/spread of other diseases

What are examples of microorganism?

• Bacteria

• Viruses

• Yeast

• Parasites

What is a pathogen?

Disease that causes microorganism

What is biosecurity?

All actions a producer takes to prevent pathogens from

• Entering the farm

• Spreading throughout farm

• Leaving farm & entering another farm

Describe the biosecurity framework

1. Identify every hazard or risk of a pathogen entering the farm

2. Implement protocols to minimize risk

   • Can’t completely eliminate it

3. Monitor the efficacy of practice

4. Implement new practices when;

   • Deficiencies identified

   • Alternative are available

5. Record!

True or False; Home state rule and limited state rule are essentially the same thing.

False

When starting an animal operation in Indiana, who is responsible for the where of the operation?

• County or State

County

What are the six biosecurity risks?

1. Farm/Operation design itself (layout, design, etc)

2. People

3. Animals themselves

4. Vehicles and equipment

5. Pets, wildlife

6. Feed and water

What strategy steps should we do regarding farm/operation

Creating a map

What strategy steps should we do regarding people

• Create & implement protocols

• Ensure facilities support the protocols

• Maintain documents

• Sign in, training, signage

What strategic steps should we take regarding the animals themselves?

• Create & implement protocols

  • Ensure facilities support the protocols

• Maintain documentation

  • Health records, verification record, etc.

What strategy steps should we take regarding vehicles and equipment?

• Inspect vehicles prior to entering

• Use only farm owned vehicles

• Create vehicle entry plan

What strategy steps should we take regarding pests and wildlife?

• Bird proof building

• Mosquito/tick prevention program

What strategy steps should we take regarding feed and water?

• Use source verified feeds

• keep feed in one facility

  • NOT between farms

What are the major biosecurity risks (when it comes to diseases)

• African Swine Flu

• Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)

• Avian Flu

Describe the African Swine Fever

• Highly contagious

• High morbidity and mortality

• Spread by direct contact

• Must be reported to the OIE

What must be done when ASF is found?

• Requires depopulation of herd

• Quarantine of area

• Prohibition of export

• Continued testing

• No movement of animals within the area

True or False: ASF has been found in the U.S.

False

Where did ASF started?

South and Eastern Africa

Describe Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)

• Viral disease

• Causes reproductive impairment

  • Failure to breed

• Causes respiratory disease

  • Generally in growing pigs

• Cost the US Pork Industry

How do you control PRRS if found in farm?

• Limit new pigs

• Live with it

  • Promote herd immunity

Describe the Avian Influenza (Flu)

• Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI)

• There’s a low and highly pathogen form

• Respiratory and GI are impacted

What occurs when avian flu in found on farm?

• Set up a quarantine zone

• All poultry on the premises euthanized

• Mortality disposal

  • Can transfer to wild birds

• Cleaning and disinfecting

• Follow up testing

True or False: Mostly highly infectious diseases require a quarantine area outside the facility.

True

What are the data driven decision?

• Genetics

• Environment

• Technologies

• Health

What is a mean?

Mathematical average of all term, in many ways theoretical

What is the mean also known as?

True mean

What does average mean?

Central tendency within a given set of numbers

What does the standard deviation mean?

Measure of the amount of variation expected about the average

What does the standard error mean?

Standard deviation of a sample population

What does researcher rarely use when reporting data

Percentage

What determines result in stats?

Mean and standard deviation

What do popular press often use when reporting data?

Percentage

True or False; When error bars over lap = not different

True

True or False: The true mean and an average are the exact same thing

False

What does the cycle of breeding program looks like?

When it comes to defining breeding goals, what are the production trait that we hope for?

• Growth composition

  • Muscle, Fat, Bone

  • Carcass traits highly heritable

• Growth input

  • Feed efficiency

  • ADG

  • F:D

Define health when it comes to defining breeding goals

• Improved health status

• Avoiding recessive disorder

• Avoiding selection that lead to problems

  • Birthing trouble, lameness, breast abnormalities

Which livestock animals can suffer from lameness or mastitis?

Dairy cow