APUSH unit 3

Articles of Confederation

the first constitution of the United States, which created a weak central government

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

a law that established a procedure for the admission of new states to the Union and mandating the future states in Northwest territory must be FREE states without slavery

Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

-no national taxes -no federal leader (no Ex branch) -no federal court system (no Jud branch) -lack of strong federal government -no power to regulate commerce -limited military = no protection

precedent

an example that may serve as a basis for imitation or later action

Constitutional Convention

The meeting of state delegates in 1787 in Philadelphia called to REVISE the Articles of Confederation. It instead DESIGNED A NEW PLAN of government, the US Constitution

George Washington

chosen to lead the Constitutional Convention, then elected first President

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution," leader, and fourth President of the United States, War of 1812

Judicial Review

power to declare unconstitutional laws/actions of the Leg and Exec branches, an example of how the judicial branch can "check" the branches

Three Fifths Compromise

Settlement at the Constitutional Convention that allowed for the calculation of the populations of slave states for the purpose of representation

Virginia Plan

-"Large State" plan, proposal made at the Constitutional Convention -wanted representation in Congress to be based on population

New Jersey Plan

-"Small State" plan, proposal made at the Constitutional Convention- wanted representation in Congress to be based on equality

Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise)

Settlement at the Constitutional Convention over the issue of representation. Congress would be bicameral with equal representation in the Senate and representation based on population in the House.

Roger Sherman

creator of the Great Compromise

bicameral

2 house legislature

unicameral

one house legislature

ratification

approval

U.S. Constitution

Supreme Law of the Land

Hamilton's Financial Plan

Assume and state war debts, > raise government revenue/taxes, > create a national bank using the Elastic Clause

Elastic Clause (Necessary and Proper Clause)

"STRETCHING" clause in Article I, Section 8, that grants Congress the power to do whatever is necessary to execute its specifically delegated powers. >EX: creating a national bank >EX: Louisiana Purchase

Capital Compromise

Alexander Hamilton proposed this plan to the Southern leaders to move the nation's capital to a district between Maryland and Virginia TO GET SUPPORT FOR HIS PLAN

Election of 1796

President Adams (Federalist) Vice-president Jefferson (Democratic-Republican) and the first real election with people voting

Election of 1800 / REVOLUTION of 1800

Election that led to a peaceful transfer of power from the Federalist Party to the Democratic-Republican Party. PRES - Jefferson & VP - Aaron Burr

Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

Popular uprising of farmers & whiskey distillers in southwestern Pennsylvania in opposition to an excise tax (Ham Plan) on whiskey - showed strength of new central government as Washington put down the rebellion

Jay's Treaty (1794)

Was made up by John Jay for Washington. FEDERALISTS Supported, Pro-British Britain would pay for damage to Americans ships and leave frontier forts & remove troops from the Ohio Valley AND Americans had to pay back taxes from the revolution

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts passed by Federalist Adams, declaring that STATES COULD CANCEL federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional... NO GO, Supremacy Clause of Constitution overrules this

Marbury vs. Madison (Judicial Review)

a midnight Federalist judge, tried to petition to court to get job, but Chief Justice John Marshall says no, but established power to declare what is constitutional vs not

Chief Justice John Marshall

In office from 1801-1835 (longest serving CJ). FEDERALIST - Increased power of federal government over the states - FEDERAL SUPREMACY

Lewis and Clark Expedition

an expedition sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore the northwestern territories of the United States after the Louisiana Purchase

War Hawks (1811-1812)

Democratic-Republican Congressmen who pressed James Madison to declare war on Britain. Largely drawn from the South and West, they resented British limits on American trade and accused the British of supporting American Indian attacks against American farms on the frontier.

Battle of New Orleans, 1815

Last major battle of the War of 1812; making Andrew Jackson a national hero and propelling him later to the presidency

The Embargo Act of 1807

by Jefferson forbade American trading to force Britain and France to change their policies vs US --was difficult to enforce, require expanding gov and military (which Jefferson hated) It also hurt the national economy

Era of Good Feelings, 1815-1825

around President Monroe's two terms, after war of 1812 = period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

Noah Webster

American writer who wrote textbooks - wrote a dictionary which helped standardize the American language showing pride in AMERICA !

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country putting NATIONAL interest ahead of regional

Sectionalism

Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole and fracture the country at the end of the Era of Good Feelings

Missouri Compromise (Compromise of 1820)

Temporary truce over slavery issue, 3 parts: MO added as a slave state, ME added as a free state, above 36°30' line = free, below = slave

Monroe Doctrine

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers like Europe trying to colonize

Federalists Party Leaders

Alexander Hamilton, President John Adams, President George Washington

Federalists Party beliefs

Strong National gov favor the wealthy, industry/merchant, bankers pro-Bank of US (National bank)

Democratic-Republican Party Leaders

Presidents Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe

Democratic-Republican Party beliefs

State's rights over National Gov favor agriculture/citizen farmer Against the Bank of US (nat bank) Strict interpretation of Constitution Pro-France

Bill of Rights, 1791

Amendments 1-10... first amendments (or changes) made to the Constitution which guarantee us individual rights and protections against the government

Judiciary Act of 1789

In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system and created the position of attorney general (a position on thee President's cabinet today)

Strict Interpretation of the Constitution

DEM-REP ... Thomas Jefferson >believed people should follow exactly what was stated and allowed in the Constitution

Loose Interpretation of the Constitution

FEDERALISTS... Hamilton > believed that the document permitted everything that it did not expressly forbid... can stretch powers given with the Elastic Clause

Neutrality Proclamation of 1793

by George Washington declaring the U.S. would remain neutral in the conflict proclaiming government's officially taking no position in widening European conflicts > he also warned American citizens about intervening on either side of conflict in his Farewell address

Washinton's Farewell Address

a final speech of President Washington written as a letter > warned against political parties & regional factions > warned against getting into alliances, just remain neutral > serving 2 terms and then out because not a King

XYZ Affair (1797)

Diplomatic conflict between France and the United States when three French officials (called X, Y , & Z) demanded American envoys to pay a hefty bribe for the privilege of meeting with the King's French foreign minister. Led to the Quasi-War with France; convinced John Adams to strengthen the U.S. navy. Many in the U.S. called for war against France, while American sailors and privateers waged an undeclared war against French merchants in the Caribbean

Alien and Sedition Acts / Naturalization Act (1798)

passed by Federalists, signed by President Adams (after XYZ Affair) increased waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years, empowered president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens, & made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. 4 parts: 1) Raised residence requirement for citizenship from 5 to 14 years. 2) Alien Act - Gave the President the power in peacetime to order any alien out of the country. 3) Alien Enemies Act - permitted the President in wartime to jail aliens when he wanted to, but he didn't 4) The Sedition Act - provided fines and jail penalties for anyone guilty of undermining and criticizing the government. Was to remain in effect until the next Presidential inauguration.

President Thomas Jefferson 1st TERM

Reduced the power & size of US gov >decreased military >decreased excise taxes from US gov >let Bank of US expire >decreased/paid down US debt

President Thomas Jefferson 2nd TERM

Britain & France were still at war and that affected US negatively: >impressment of US sailors by Britain >Britain trying to restrict our trade >signs Embargo Act 1807 in reaction to Britain and France but hurts economy

2nd American Revolutionary War

War of 1812 ... because same British vs Americans and over trade issues, liberties (esp of sailors) and we were overmatched just like last time

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

Ended the War of 1812. Did not address grievances that led to the war (stalemate for both sides), BUT after Battle of New Orleans the PEOPLE THINK WE WON and huge nationalism, unity, and pride

Henry Clay

Distinguished politician from Kentucky > creator of the American System >"The Great Compromiser" made Missouri Compromise & 36 30 line > war hawk for the War of 1812

36'30 line

set by the Missouri Compromise, all land south of it would be slave, all land north of it would be free

How to achieve President Monroe's goals of NATIONALISM and UNITY?

1) GOVERNMENT - Federal supremacy through Marshall's Court cases 2) ECONOMY - Clay's American System of S-W-N regions trade together, 2nd national bank, tariffs, gov subsidized transportation networks (highways and canals) 3) FOREIGH AFFAIRS - expand US borders and importance with Monroe Doctrine