Biology Lab Exam

Theory

A _____ is a well-tested hypothesis that is well-accepted among the scientific community.

No

Can a researcher use the results of her experiment to prove that her hypothesis is correct?

Independent variable

The variable that we manipulate in an experiment is the ________________

Dependent variable

The variable that is measured in an experiment is the ________________

Control

________________ is the standard of comparison used in an experiment.

1. Increase the sample size

2. Repeat the experiment at least 3 times

What are two characteristics of a reliable experiment?

Factors affecting the health and illness of a population (population is the key word)

Epidemiology is defined as the study of _____

Pathogen; vector

During the bubonic plague, the ____ that caused the disease was a bacterium, and the ____ that spread the disease was from fleas from mice.

Chicken Pox

What is a disease NOT caused by a virus?

It must have a host to replicate itself

What is a characteristic of a virus?

Bacteria can adapt to the presence of a drug to the point where an antibiotic is no longer affective.

How do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?

False

T or F: Condoms provide ample protection against genital HPV.

True

T or F: You have more bacteria cells in and on your body than you have cells that make up your body.

Chlamydia, tetanus, the bubonic plague

What are some diseases NOT caused by bacterium?

The large 50 mL tube of fluid

In our simulated disease transmission activity, what served as the control?

True

T or F: Organic molecules contain carbon.

Monomers

A macromolecule is made up of smaller units bonded together called _____.

Glycerol and fatty acids

Lipids are to ______.

Amino acids

Peptides are to ______.

Monosaccharides

Starches are to ______.

. supply fuel (food) for cellular respiration

. form certain structures (“hardwares”) of cells

. store energy

. provide building materials for other biomolecules

What are the functions of saccharides in a cell?

Lipids

Which of the four types of biological molecules is not soluble in water?

Proteins

______ is/are the primary component of a cell’s plasma membrane.

True

T or F: Enzymes are proteins

Amino

Proteins are made of folded chains of _____ acids.

Amino acid, peptide, protein, enzyme

What is the correct hierarchy of molecular structures, from smallest to largest unit

Coarse adjustment knob

Which parts of the microscope is used to raise and lower the stage?

Capsule'; Flagellum (tail)

Bacterium and prokaryotes often have a _____ and ______.

Streptococcus

A chain of round-shaped bacteria would be called ______.

Chloroplast and mitochondria

According to the endosymbiont theory, which cellular structure likely evolved when a large prokaryote engulfed a smaller prokaryote and formed a lasting symbiotic relationship?

The oxygen pole of one molecule coheres (“sticks”) to the hydrogen pole of another molecule

What is true about a water molecule?

Polar

A ____ molecule (such as water) is one in which there is some separation of charges so that one part of the molecule has a slight positive charge and the other a slight negative charge.

Plasma membrane (phospholipid bilayer)

What cellular structure controls the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment?

Homeostasis

Seeking a stable internal environment is seeking to maintain ____.

False

T or F: Plant cells do not have a plasma membrane

The hydrophobic fatty acid tails of the phospholipids remain on the inside of the bilayer, away from the watery internal environment and watery eternal environment.

Explain how a plasma membrane is held in place between the interior and exterior of a cell due to phospholipid properties/composition.

It allows some molecules to cross int or out of the cell passively, allows some molecules to across using ATP energy, and prevents molecules from crossing the membrane.

What does a “selectively permeable cell membrane” mean?

Hydrolysis

What is NOT a method of molecular transport?

Active transport

Which of the following methods of molecular transport require energy?

False

T or F: No method of molecular transport can work against a concentration gradient.

True

T or F: Osmosis is the natural tendency of substances to spread out in their environment.

No ATP (energy) is required; the molecules move freely down the gradient (from the area of high concentration to the area of low concentration).

What does it mean if a form of molecular transport is passive?

Temperature, size of the molecule, and intensity of the concentration gradient

What factors affect the rate of diffusion?

Water will move across the membrane instead (via osmosis) to balance the concertation gradient

What happens when a solute cannot diffuse across the cell membrane?

Causes water to move out of cells, high concentration of solutes compared to another solute

What is a hypertonic solution?

Causes water to move into cells, low concentration of solutes compared to another solute

What is a hypotonic solution?

False

T or F: A plant cell exposed to an extremely hypotonic environment cannot survive.

Lysis

An animal cell placed in a hypotonic environment can result in ____ of the cell.

Facilitated diffusion

Which method of molecular transport relies on transporter proteins to bind and carry substances through channels in the plasma membrane?

Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, ETC

What are the three stages of aerobic cellular respiration in the correct sequence?

Anaerobic; cytoplasm

Glycolysis is _____ and occurs in the _____.

Alcoholic fermentation, Lactic acid fermentation

Name the two types of fermentation and give an example of an organism that undergoes each type.

Oxygen

Which molecule is the final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport chain?

Cellular respiration releases the energy required for metabolism, the cells of all living organisms must undergo some type of respiration, and certain organisms use only anaerobic respiration to survive.

What is cellular respiration?

Alcoholic fermentation

Which of the following does NOT occur in the human body?

2

How many ATP does glycolysis produce?

Plasma membrane

Where in the cell does alcoholic fermentation take place?

Yeast uses alcoholic fermentation, a form of anaerobic respiration in order to produce ATP for its cells. It breaks down the sugars in the grains.

How is yeast used to bake break and brew beer?

Animal

In what type of cells does lactic acid fermentation occur?

Mitochondrion

Where in the cell do the Krebs cycle and the Electron Transport Chain occur?

Carbon Dioxide and ATP

What does aerobic cellular respiration produce?

True

T or F: Plants utilize cellular respiration to break down the glucose they make.

Biochemical reaction

What is the stage of photosynthesis that does NOT require light?

A virus

What doesn’t undergo cellular respiration?

Chlorophyll

What is the green pigment that drives photosynthesis?

True

T or F: The interdependence between the products of photosynthesis and cellular respiration continually recycle and provide the basic requirements for eukaryotic cells to survive

Autotrophic

_______ organisms use solar energy to make energy via photosynthesis.

Heterotrophic

_______ organisms must obtain their energy from outside sources.

Oxygen and glucose

What are the products of photosynthesis?

Split water and energize electrons in the photosynthetic pigment molecules

What describes a photochemical reaction?

Responsible for fixing (converting) carbon into carbohydrate storage products

What describes a biochemical reaction?

True

T or F: The rate of biochemical reactions is directly affected by light intensity and wavelength

Heterotrophs and Autotrophs

Oxygen produced by photosynthesis used by both ______ and ______.

They reduce the amount of energy required for a reason to take place

Enzymes are catalysts. What does that n=mean about their function?

They increase the rate of chemical reactions

What is true about enzymes?

False

T or F: A chemical reaction cannot occur without an enzyme

False

T or F: all enzymes found in the human body have the same optimal pH

Saccharide concentration

What doesn’t affect enzyme functions?

They are built up

What happens to the substrates in a ligation enzymatic reaction?

Active sight

What happens to the substrates in a ligation enzymatic reaction?

Function

Enzymes are proteins. Therefore, the shape of an enzyme determines its ______.

. catalyze only the specific reaction

. have a specific shape

. have a specific environment

How are enzymes specific?

Reduction

Amylase in the saliva breaks down carbohydrates down into free glucose molecules. Is this a ligation or reduction enzymatic reaction?

False

T or F: A denatured enzyme can regain proper function

Casein, a large protein found in milk

What substrate did we begin with when using rennilase to produce curds and whey?

Catalase does not function optimally in acidic environment

In our catalase experiment, why did the spinach slurry with vinegar added to it not produce bubbles as quickly as the other two slurries?

Amino acids

Para-casein (protein in cheese curds) is broken down by the protease to produce what products?

Pass on genetic information from the parent cell to the daughter cells and provide growth and repair for multi-cellular organisms

Mitosis allows cells to do which of the following?

Karyokinesis

The process of nuclear division, called _____, is often followed by the process of cytoplasmic (cell) division.

True

T or F: In the life cycle of a somatic cell, the DNA is replicated once, and the cell is divided twice

G1

What is the interval of Interphase occurring immediately after mitosis, during which the cell nearly doubles in size and all organelles duplicate?

Mitosis

What is the phase during which division of the nucleus occurs and replicated DNA is dispersed to two identical daughter cells?

S Phase

What is the interval of interphase during which the cell’s DNA is replicated?

G2

What is the interval of interphase during which a spindle assembly forms (in plants) or one pair of centrioles divides (in animals) and chromosomes begin to condense

Metaphase

Phase in which spindle fibers drag the chromosomes into alignment along the equatorial plate of the cell

Prophase

Phase in which chromatin condenses into sister chromatids, and the nuclear membrane disintegrates and releases the chromosomes into the cytoplasm

Cytokinesis

Phase in which division of the cytoplasm and associated structures results in two new identical daughter cells

Anaphase

Phase in which the spindle fibers at either end (pole) pull the sister chromatids apart, separating them into daughter chromosomes

Telophase

Phase in which a nuclear envelope reforms around the chromosomes at either end (pole), and chromosomes slowly uncoil, resulting in two separate nuclei.

Less than 10%

What percentage of a cell’s life is spent in mitosis, or M phase?