Normal Speech/ Language Development Final

What is Step 1 of the Speech Chain, Starting with The Speaker's Brain?

the speaker sorts through their thoughts, decides what they want to express, and creates a message.

What is Step 2 of the Speech Chain, Starting with The Speaker's Brain?

the speaker's message is put into language form.

What is Step 3 of the Speech Chain, Starting with The Speaker's Brain?

neural impulses are sent to the speaker's speech mechanism, triggering speech movements.

What is Step 4 of the Speech Chain, Starting with The Speaker's Brain?

the speaker's movements of the speech mechanisms produce disturbances in the air called sound waves.

What is Step 5 of the Speech Chain, Starting with The Speaker's Brain?

sound waves are received by the listener's hearing mechanism.

What is Step 6 of the Speech Chain, Starting with The Speaker's Brain?

acoustic patterns are transformed into the neural equivalent of the speaker's message in the listener's brain.

Which component of language involves the smallest units of meaning?

morphology

The study of the sound system of a language is known as:

phonology

Which aspect of speech production involves the rhythm and melody of speech?

suprasegmentals

Pragmatics in language involves understanding:

the social context and rules of language use.

Semantics is concerned with:

the meaning of words and sentences

Which aspect of language involves the rules for word formation?

morphology

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between communication and language?

communication is the process of exchanging information, while language is a structured system of symbols used for communication.

An example of interchangeability would be

an adult saying "bubbles" and a child attempting to imitate that same word

In Hockett’s 1960 essay, he wrote about the 13 ________ _____ of language, which have been used to compare animal and human communication.

design features

Which characteristic of communication indicates that the communicator has the capacity to monitor what and how something is said?

total feedback

______________________ is the term used to indicate that the communicator can talk about things that are distant in time and/or space.

displacement

The primary advantage of the vocal-auditory channel is that it

leaves our hands free to do other things while communicating

Syllable, word and phrasal stress, along with pitch and loudness variations in our speech are referred to as

suprasegmentals

This feature of communication removes communication barriers and is largely responsible for the unlimited exchange of information for both sexes and all ages.

interchangeability

A unit of meaning is called a

morpheme

Receptive language includes activities such as

reading and listening

Which of the following are characteristics of parentese that are thought to help young children develop language?

short, simple sentences, pauses, exaggerated prosody, and repetition

What is the primary function of Wernicke's area in the brain?

language comprehension

Which theory of language development emphasizes the role of reinforcement and imitation?

behaviorist theory

According to the nativist perspective, what is the primary driver of language development?

biological maturation and innate mechanisms

The behaviorist theory of language acquisition was primarily developed by:

B.F. Skinner

Which theory suggests that language development is a result of both biological predispositions and social interactions?

social interactionist theory

The process by which the brain converts thoughts into speech involves:

Broca's area and the motor cortex

The relationship between language and the environment can be seen in:

the influence of cultural context on language use

Which of the following statements is consistent with the concept of the brain as a self-organizing neural network?

the human brain has a dynamic ability to change as individuals learn.

Which of the following statements best describes current evidence regarding genetic influences on language development and disorders?

individuals are more likely to have speech and language deficits when other members of the family have them.

The language acquisition device (LAD)

is the mechanism that provides humans with innate knowledge of the rules for transformational generative grammar

Some research suggests that children with autism spectrum disorders have dysfunction in the _____, which may explain their deficits in understanding the emotional states of others.

mirror neuron system

______________________ suggest that children have an innate ability to talk that is realized with minimal assistance from the environment.

nativists

The basic assertion of the information processing theory is that 

function, not abstract grammar, generates language structure

The competition model is an example of a 

parallel processing system

Which of the following best supports the Critical Period Hypothesis in language acquisition, based on the cases of Genie, Victor, and Oxana?

despite varying levels of recovery, all three showed significant limitations in grammar and syntax acquisition after missing early language exposure, supporting the idea of a biologically sensitive period.

Which of the following is NOT one of Howard Gardner’s multiple intelligences?

emotional

Object permanence is the understanding that:

objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen

In Piaget’s theory, the stage where children begin to think logically about concrete events is called:

concrete operational

Lev Vygotsky’s concept of the Zone of Proximal Development refers to:

the difference between what a learner can do without help and what they can achieve with guidance

Dynamic systems theory emphasizes:

the interaction of multiple factors in development

Which type of perception is primarily involved in recognizing spoken language?

auditory

Executive functions are crucial for:

higher-level cognitive processes such as planning and decision-making

According to Gardner, which intelligence involves the ability to understand and interact effectively with others?

interpersonal

Distancing in cognitive development refers to:

the ability to separate oneself from immediate sensory experiences

Means-end behavior is demonstrated when a child:

uses a tool to achieve a goal

Piaget’s theory is often contrasted with Vygotsky’s because:

it emphasized stages of development, while Vygotsky emphasized social interaction

The role of play in cognitive development includes:

facilitating social and cognitive skills

Causality in cognitive development refers to:

understanding the relationship between cause and effect

Visual perception is crucial for:

recognizing faces and objects

Attention and memory are essential for:

language development and theory of mind

Tactile perception is primarily involved in

feeling textures and shapes

Vygotsky’s theory emphasizes the importance of:

social interaction and cultural context

Early perceptual abilities related to speech reception include:

discriminating between different speech sounds

The first stage of prelinguistic development is characterized by:

crying and cooing

During the prelinguistic stage, infants primarily communicate through:

vocalizations and gestures

Communication in early childhood development is important for:

social interaction and language acquisition

Which of the following is a key component of infant-adult interactions that fosters speech and language development?

joint attention

Lev Vygotsky proposed the zone of proximal development (ZPD), is applied to the language development of young children by positing that children lean language through

increasingly complex language forms during interactions with more advanced language users

Vygotsky’s view of intellectual development is generally consistent with this theory of language development:

social interactionism

_________ are a set of control processes in the human brain that allow us to maintain attention, inhibit irrelevant associations and use working memory.

executive functions

Li is a typically developing bilingual 4-year-old who has grown up with parents who speak mainly Mandarin with her and several older siblings who speak mainly English with her. Andy is a typically developing 4-year-old in the same preschool as Olivia who is a monolingual English speaker. Research would indicate that:

Li is likely more advanced in her ability to focus attention in the presence of competing information

Piaget’s first stage of intellectual development

sensorimotor intelligence 

Piaget’s second stage of intellectual development

preoperational thought

Piaget’s third stage of intellectual development

concrete operations

Piaget’s fourth stage of intellectual development

formal operations

The perlocutionary stage of communication development involves:

reflexive responses to stimuli

Early words are typically classified by:

function and meaning

Early conversational skills in children include:

turn-taking and eye contact

Stage 1 word combinations often consist of:

two-word phrases

The development of syntax in children can be documented by:

analyzing the complexity of their sentences

Early words often serve which primary function?

labelling familiar objects and people

Infant-adult interactions that support language development often involve:

engaging in responsive and interactive communication

Early literacy experiences contribute to language acquisition by:

providing exposure to varied vocabulary and sentence structures

Which of the following best describes the role of joint attention in language development?

it facilitates shared focus on objects or events, aiding language learning

Early perceptual abilities related to word meaning include:

associating sounds with specific objects or actions

The sequence of prelinguistic development typically progresses from:

crying and cooing to babbling

A 14-month-old child is on a walk with his grandpa and sees a hot air balloon nearby. He points excitedly at it as if to show his grandpa, who is also looking at it. This is an example of:

protodeclarative

Baby Callum says, “bird go,” to which his aunt replies, “yes, the bird is flying!” His aunt’s response is an example of a/an

expansion

The fact that no English words start with “rl” is an example of ___________________________, which dictate the permissible arrangements of sounds in a given language.

phonotactic constraints

Early words of English-speaking children are predominantly _______________________.

nouns

We know that the typically developing child begins to put two words together between the ages of ____________ months.

22-26

Baby PJ is 3 months old and during play with his sister, is happily vocalizing with “eeeeooooohhhh” and “aahhhheeeoooo.” This type of communication could be classified as what?

cooing

Irene has 2 dogs at home and one of her first words is “doggie.” When passing a field of horses one day, she excitedly points out the window and yells “doggie!” in reference to the horses. Irene is exhibiting what?

overextension

A child saying, “deedubadi” is an example of 

variegated babbling

Stage 1 word combinations typically include:

noun-verb, like "car go"

You are attempting to collect a language sample from a child who has an ear infection and has missed both of his naps today. Per his mother, he is more grumpy, shy and quiet than usual. It is likely that his language sample will be:

unreliable

What is the minimum number of utterances needed for a language sample?

50- 100

The utterances included in a valid and reliable language sample can include:

successive speaking

During a language sample, a child says, “Jack runned with ladybug.” This utterance has ______ morphemes.

4

A child produces an utterance that includes 4 morphemes, but in order for the utterance to be grammatically correct, it would have needed to include 2 additional morphemes. In order to make it easy to spot this utterance to analyze the errors in the future, the clinician would write _________ when counting morphemes:

4/6

A typical Type-Token Ratio during early childhood is:

0.50

During a language sample, a child says, “um um Mama’s kitty is eating.” This utterance has _____ morphemes.

6

To determine the Type-Token Ratio, you divide ___________________ by ____________________.

number of different words, total number of words

One way to complete a ___________ analysis is to compile a list of the different types of words the child is producing, including nouns, pronouns, modifiers, action words and function words.

semantic

What is the purpose of sampling a child’s language?

to compare a child's abilities to typical peers and determine if intervention is needed and to describe the nature and extent of the child's progress as an outcome of intervention

During a language sample, a child says, “My my my my dog’s name Spot.” This utterance has ______ morphemes.

5

To determine the MLU, you divide ___________________ by ____________________.

total number of morphemes, total number of utterances