5.2 Nationalism and Revolution

Incubation stage

The causes of the revolution

Symptomatic stage

Actions asking for change (protests, boycotting, riots)

Crisis stage

When both sides start to compete (war)

Convalescence

Recovery phase

What effect did the major 18th century wars have on common people?

They started to question system’s and practices in place since the middle ages

Impact of enlightenment

Methods and questions of Scientific Revolution applied to society cause people to question faith based absolutism

Which monarchs supported enlightenment ideas?

• Catherine the Great of Russia

• Frederick the Great of Prussia (Germany)

What did the monarchs use enlightenment ideas to expand?

• localism

• religious institutions 

• nobility

What were “salons”

Women’s homes where they got together and spread ideas

What did women do to spread ideas?

What folk traditions did the liberal enlightenment reformers want to ban

1. Harvest festivals

2. Religious Holidays

3. Country fairs and cock fights

Why did the Radical Liberal Enlightenment Reformers want to ban folk traditions?

They “were a reminder of daily drudgery.”

Which holidays were acceptable?

patriotic holidays

Commoners Biggest Concerns

• Violations of old customs caused outrage among some common people of Europe

What popular systems did the commoners want to maintain

• Male/female gender roles

• Faith-based society

• Religious holidays

• Celebrations of heritage and ethnicity

• Music and foods

What were the commoners ultimately?

• Resistant to change!

Similarities between American and French Revolutions

• Both political revolutions started by middle class.

• Bourgeoisie – French for “middle class”. Made up of artisans, merchants, educated businessmen.

• Both inspired by Enlightenment ideas

What is the Bourgeoisie class made up of?

French for “middle class”. Made up of artisans, merchants, educated businessmen

differences between american and french revolution

french revolution did not create an enduring form of representative democracy (France currently on 5th Republic)

The three “estates”

• Since medieval times, each person belonged to one of these three “status groups” in France.

• A holdover from the manor system.

Which system was a holdover from the “manor system”

The three estates

1st estate

• Clergy- Church leaders

• Cardinals, Bishops, heads of monasteries.

• Owned 10% of land tax free

• Did not pay taille.

How much of the land tax fee did the 1st estate own

10%

2nd estate

• Noble families

• 35,000 members

• Owned 25-30% of land

• Leaders in government, military, court judges, Roman Catholic Church leaders.

• Did not pay taille.

What was the 2nd estate made of?

Noble families

How much land did the 2nd estate own

25-30%

Which estate payed “taille”?

3rd estate

What’s the assembly of notWhat eables made up of?

1st and 2nd estate

what was the point of the assembly of notables?

Sought to protect their own interests like tax exemption

What estate did the assembly of notables always side with?

3rd

What was the 3rd estate made up of?

Peasants, Bourgeoisie and Urban Merchants

3rd estate

• Local lords controlled the mills and town politics…

• Peasants forced to work in fields of nobles during harvest

Causes of the revolution

1. Costs of 7 Year War

2. Costs of supporting American Revolution

3. War of Austrian Succession costs

4. Failure to collect taxes from Assembly of Notables!

5. Too much spending by king on palace parties!

Social causes of the revolution

• Bad harvests 1787, 1788

• Rising food prices, shortages, unemployment high.

• 1/3 population “poor”

inflation caused by re-minting of money (sous) into smaller units (devaluation)

What caused inflation

re-minting of money (sous) into smaller units (devaluation)

Estates general

• Meeting of 3 Estates

• Parliament of Paris” advisory body to king- no real power

• Disagreements between Assembly of Notables and Third Estate end meeting

1787

called by Louis XVI after 150 years of being ignored to raise taxes

What does she king propose?

more equality including taxation of nobles.

What happened with the French elite

• They refused to consent to new taxes.

• Disagreements between Assembly of Notables and Third Estate end meeting

“cahiers de doléances”

complaints from the people that the king ordered

First Political Crisis

• Third Estate demands regular meetings

• Pushes to tax nobles

• Third Estate is locked out of afternoon meeting by Assembly of Notables 

Who is additionally taxed?

Nobles

What does the 3rd estate demand?

Regular meetings

National Assembly

• New name taken by Third Estate leaders after being locked out of Estates General.

• Declare themselves the “representatives of the people”

*Tennis Court Oath

• Having no place to meet members of the National Assembly meet in king’s tennis court in Versailles

• They make a pledge to continue to meet until a new French Constitution is created.

Where did the national assembly people meet?

King’s tennis court in versailles

How long did the national assembly plan to meet for?

until a new French Constitution is created

Storming the Bastille

• French peasants hear of a new “democratic government”

• The storm the king’s prison in Paris- the Bastille to get gunpowder for rebellion

• Peasants also break into great houses of Lords and destroy debt records

Why did the French peasants storm the Bastille?

to get gunpowder for rebellion

Why did the peasants break into the great houses of lords?

to destroy debt records.

*Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

• 1789 completed by the Assembly

• A contract between king and National Assembly

• Outlined specific natural rights 

• Freedom of ideas

• Equality before the law

• Representative government

• Freedom to own property

Identify Enlightenment Ideas 

• Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good.

• They have certain natural rights to property, to liberty and to life. 

• According to this theory the role of government is to recognize and secure these rights. 

• Furthermore government should be carried on by elected representatives.

March to Versailles

• The king will not recognize National Assembly as legitimate government

• Thousands of angry women

• March 12 miles to Versailles

• THE POINT IS WE WANT BREAD!”

• Capture royal family and return then to the city of Paris

What was the point of the march to Versailles

They wanted bread

Counterrevolutionary Fear

• By 1790 other neighbor kingdoms (especially German speaking Austria) are putting troops at border for possible territory grabs

• Rumors of counterrevolutionary plots cause mobs to attack Paris prisons

• Half of the 1st and second estate prisoners are killed.

Legislative assembly

• 1792 National Assembly changes name to Legislative Assembly recognized by king BUT...

• Strips Louis XVI’s authority as king

• Liberty, Equality and Fraternity is their slogan

• Charge him with crimes against France

• Radical minority group led by Maximillian Robespierre grabs power

Robespierre

• Creates the Directory – Leaders of the Revolution

• Committee of Public Safety – Harsh enforcers of the Directory

• Makes a new calendar without Sundays

• Eliminates opponents of the Revolution

• Fear spreads among conservatives in Revolution 

• Has King and Queen executed 

Whats the directory

Leaders of the revolution

Who created the directory

Robespierre

Who has the king and queen executed?

Robespierre

Reign of Terror

• 2 Years of violence in Paris against members of 1st and 2nd Estates

• 40,000 people killed

• 16,000 executed by guillotine

• Small towns attacked by military if they opposed Robespierre

• Blood thirsty drunken mobs start taking things into their own hands.

•  Committee of Public Safety losing control…

• It became clear Robespierre did not want a democracy or constitutional monarchy

• Even those close to him feared for their lives

How many people killed in the reign of terror

40,000

How many people executed by guillotine

16,000

The Directory

• Regained control of France with help from military contacted on frontiers

• Robespierre and closest followers arrested and beheaded

• Biggest problem was France’s enemies had started attacking into country

What was the biggest problem after the reign of terror

France’s enemies had started attacking into country

How did the directory regain control of France?

With help from military contacted on frontiers after the reign of terror

How did states use the growing nationalistic fervor to their advantage?

• Nationalistic themes

• public rituals '

• military service

Causes of the revolution

• Nationalism

• Political dissent

• New ways of thinking

What was political dissent?

Widespread discontent with monarchists and imperial rule

Popular sovereignty

Power to government was in the hands of the people

Democracy

People have the right to vote and influence policies of the government

Liberalism

• Economic and political ideology that emphasized protection of civil rights,

• representative government,

• protection of private property,

• and economic freedom

What were the 3 new ways of thinking

• Popular sovereignty

• Democracy

• Liberalism

What was the point of the declaration of man and citizen?

• Natural rights

• Popular sovereignty

Creoles

European heritage born in the americas

Peninsulares

Europe born

What was the reason for the latin American revolution?

Creoles unhappy about the peninsulares getting more political power