Muscle Types and Renal Function

Flashcards covering key concepts related to muscle types and renal functions.

Red muscle cells

Muscle fibers that are smaller, have many mitochondria, and can sustain long-term activity.

White muscle cells

Muscle fibers that are larger, contain lots of glycogen, and excel in short bursts of rapid activity.

Slow twitch fibers

Muscle fibers that predominantly rely on oxygen for energy.

Fast twitch fibers

Muscle fibers that primarily rely on anaerobic energy and require less oxygen.

Erythropoietin

A hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A hormone that decreases urine output and promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys.

Osmolarity

The concentration of solutes in a solution, important for regulating water balance in the body.

Milk fever

A condition in cows characterized by low calcium levels leading to muscle weakness and inability to stand.

Retroperitoneal organs

Organs located behind the peritoneum, as seen with the kidneys.

Renal cortex

The outer portion of the kidney that receives about 80% of the arterial blood supply.

Nephron

The functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood and forming urine.

Hypoxia

A deficiency of oxygen in the tissues, which can trigger the release of erythropoietin.

Aldosterone

A hormone that regulates sodium retention and potassium excretion by the kidneys.

Kidney anatomy

The structure of kidneys that typically includes an artery, vein, and ureter.

Hypertonic urine

Urine that is concentrated with solutes to conserve water.

Calcium's role in muscles

Calcium is necessary for muscle contraction and the release of neurotransmitters at the neuromuscular junction.