Psychology 101:04 Exam 3 Study Guide - Memory Part 2

what are maintenance rehearsal?

rote repetition of material

what is elaborative rehersal?

thinking about the meaning of the information

what us craik and Tulving(1975) levels of processing theory?

information can be processed at different depths, from shallow to deep

what is shallow processing?

superficial features, such as physical appearance

what is deep processing?

meaning

what was the study with chair?

Craik and Tulving's (1975) study showed that words processed more deeply — like thinking about their meaning — are remembered better than those processed shallowly, like noticing capital letters (e.g., CHAIR).

What is context-dependent memory?

environment in which something is learned serves as cue for retrieval

what is state-dependent memory?

physical or mental state in which something is learned serves as cue for retrieval

what us encoding failure?

memory fails to form due to lack of attention or processing

what is storage decay?

after memory has been stored, may fade

what is retrival failure?

storied memories cannot be accessed

what is Ebbinghaus forgetting curve?

after forming a memory, majority of forgetting occurs

what is the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenom?

Retrieval failure - storied memories cannot be accessed

what is anterograte amnesia?

Memory loss for information encountered after head injury

what is retrograde amnesia?

Memory loss for information from before head injury

what type of amnesia and memory impairment did H.M. experience?

H.M. had anterograde amnesia and couldn’t make new long-term explicit memories, but his short-term and procedural memory remained mostly normal.

is eyewitness reliable?

Eyewitness memory is fallible and influenced by many factors, so while it can help, it’s not always trustworthy — especially without safeguards in place.

what was found in Loftus (1974) study ( hit vs.smashed)?

Loftus & Palmer (1974) found that wording affects memory — participants who heard "smashed" estimated higher car speeds and were more likely to falsely remember broken glass, showing that leading questions can distort memory.

what is testing effect

The testing effect is when retrieving info through testing improves long-term memory more than just reviewing.

what is spacing effect?

The spacing effect means spaced-out studying improves long-term memory more than cramming.