QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS MIDTERM

Which early approach to quality relied on the skill and reputation of individual workers?

Craftmanship and guilds

What was a major limitation of inspection-based quality control in early factories?

It was costly and only detected problems after production

The shift from 'inspection' to 'prevention' in quality management primarily aimed to:

Control processes to stop errors before they occur

Who is known as the 'Father of Scientific Management' and emphasized efficiency through standardized work?

Frederick Winslow

The introduction of interchangeable parts in manufacturing led to:

Standardization and mass production

Which of the following best describes the main goal of Total Quality Management (TQM)?

Reduce customers’ negative feedback

The Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle is most closely associated with which quality leader?

William Edwards Deming

During the Industrial Revolution, what was a key driver for the shift from craftsmanship to factory systems?

The rise of digital technology

What is a primary benefit of using statistical process control in manufacturing?

Minimize cost and defects

What are the principles commonly associated with the rise of quality management systems?

Customer Focus
Leadership
Engagement of People
Process Approach
Improvement
Evidence-based decision making
Relationship Management

Which quality pioneer introduced the use of control charts to monitor process variation?

Walter Shewhart

In early factories, what was a common consequence of relying solely on inspection for quality?

Defective products were often discovered too late

The concept of 'building quality in' rather than 'inspecting quality in' emphasizes:

Preventing defects during production

Which management approach focused on breaking down tasks into the 'one best way' to increase efficiency?

Scientific management

What was a major impact of the factory system during the Industrial Revolution?

Mass production and division of labor

What are the key principle of Total Quality Management (TQM)?

Customer focus

Employee involvement

Continuous improvement

Fact-based decisions

The 'Kaizen' philosophy in quality management is best described as:

Continuous, incremental improvement

What lesson did the Ford Pinto scandal highlight for quality management?

Rushed design and ignoring safety can have severe consequences

Which of the following best describes the role of leadership in quality systems?

Setting vision and providing resources for quality

In the context of quality management, 'customer focus' means:

Prioritizing customer needs and satisfaction

What is the main advantage of using standardized processes in manufacturing?

Consistent quality and efficiency

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of continuous improvement in quality systems?

Stagnation in processes

What was a key reason for the shift from individual craftsmanship to organizational quality practices?

The need for scalable, consistent production

Which of the following best describes the 'process approach' in quality management?

Managing activities as interconnected processes

What is the most common result when organizations fail to address the root causes of quality problems?

Recurring defects and inefficiency

The involvement of all employees in quality initiatives leads to:

Stronger quality culture and accountability

In quality management history, what did the introduction of mass production enable?

High-volume, standardized output

Which of the following is a modern trend in quality management systems?

Integrating real-time data and analytics

Why is understanding the evolution of quality systems important for future industry professionals?

It helps avoid repeating past industry mistakes

The medieval European organizations formed by craftsmen in the late 13th century to regulate quality and training.

Guilds

System of manufacturing introduced during the Industrial Revolution that relied on standardized parts and mass production.

Factory System

The management approach developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor focusing on task optimization and efficiency.

Scientific Management Theory

The pioneering statistician credited for inventing the control chart and foundational statistical quality control.

Walter A. Shewhart

An era in quality when the U.S. wartime method focused on statistical tables and control charts to ensure production quality for military supplies.

Statistical Quality Control

The variation in a process caused by rare, specific events rather than natural fluctuations.

Special Cause Variation

The process improvement philosophy emphasizing continuous, incremental changes often associated with Japanese manufacturing.

Kaizen Philosophy

The American statistician whose post-WWII consultation helped transform Japanese industry through quality principles.

William Edwards Deming

Principle stating that 80% of problems come from 20% of causes, widely used in prioritizing efforts in quality management.

Pareto Principle (80/20 Rule)

Major competitor to Henry Ford's mass production approach, focused on scientific breakdown of tasks.

Frederick Winslow Taylor

The mass production system, standardized processes, and assembly line are hallmarks of this automotive industry pioneer.

Henry Ford

Post-war movement that focused on the widespread adoption of quality principles throughout American business.

Total Quality Management (TQM)

Statistical approach developed at Motorola to reduce process variation and improve quality, often represented by 'DMAIC'.

Six Sigma

The international family of standards introduced in 1987 to guide organizations in effective quality management systems.

ISO 9000

The system for translating customer needs into product characteristics, known for its 'House of Quality' tools.

Quality Function Deployment

The defect-ridden car expedited in development during the 1970s that became notorious for quality failures and safety issues.

Ford Pinto

Manufacturing philosophy emphasizing waste reduction and just-in-time inventory, famously developed by Toyota.

Toyota Production System (TPS)

Key challenge in modern quality management involving employee resistance to new processes or technologies.

Change Management

Quality management challenge driven by coordination across international suppliers, standards, and regions.

Globalization

The project management principle balancing the trade-offs between time, cost, and quality.

Project Management Triangle

Continual method for analyzing data and predicting issues before they arise in product development with the use of software tools like Minitab.

Statistical Process Control

The fourth industrial revolution characterized by integration of digital technologies in manufacturing.

Industry 4.0

U.S. award given to organizations demonstrating excellence in quality management and performance.

Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award

Early twentieth-century study focused on analyzing and optimizing every motion and task in manufacturing.

Time and Motion Study

Tool used for visual representation and statistical analysis of quality data to track process variation.

Control Chart / Shewart Chart

The military standard published with the help of Bell Laboratories consultants, which formalized the use of sampling tables for quality inspection in defense manufacturing.

MIL-STD-105

The statistical quality control measure that defines the maximum percentage of defective items allowed in a sample batch for the batch to be accepted.

Acceptable Quality Level

It is the process of measuring, examining, testing, or otherwise comparing the unit of product with the requirements.

Inspection

A collection of units of product from which a sample is to be drawn and inspected.

Lot

It indicates the number of units of product from each lot or batch which are to be inspected and the criteria for determining the acceptability of the lot or batch (acceptance and rejection numbers).

Acceptance Sampling