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Perception
learning through senses
Attention span
The length of time a person can concentrate on a task without becoming distracted. A longer attention span allows for more sustained focus and productivity.
concept-
general category of objects and information (objects- food qualities.colors shapes)(abstract ideas: time, beauty symbols)
sensorimotor period
Between birth and 2 years. There are 6 stages in this period. Learn through sense and own actions, neurons establish pathways that enable learning, egocentric
Object Permanence
ability to understand that something continues to exist even when out of sight
Imaginative Play
play by pretending
symbolic thinking
use of words and numbers that stand for ideas
How can caregivers encourage learning?
Caregivers can encourage learning through consistently meeting their child's needs. Give children time and attention, give positive feedback, express your love and read and talk to them even if they are a baby. It is also important to have good communication.
How do babies communicate before they can talk?
Crying- learn that it gets a response, patterns, and different cries for different needs, Special sounds-babbling, giggles and grunts, Gestures- sign language or hand signals
Why should caregivers choose toys that are age appropriate?
It is important that caregivers choose toys that are age appropriate because of safety as well as toys that they will understand. You want them to be challenged but not to challenge but you dont want to give them a baby toy either. It is important to have safe toys because some little toys can be safety hazards.
Toddler
from walking(1 year old) until 3 years old
What physical changes take place in an average child as they age from 1 to 3?
Height- slows down by about ½ compared to infants(1-2 years- about 5 inches)(2-3 years- about 2-3 inches), Weight- gain about ½ pound a month (average of 5 lbs a year), Proportions- posture improves(chest grows larger, trunk arms and legs grow, stand straighter lose baby fat), Teeth- 20 primary teeth(1 year old- 8 teeth) (2 year old- 16 teeth)(3 years- 20 teeth)
What are examples of small (fine) motor skills? Large (gross) motor skills?
Large - climbing stairs
Small- self-feeding with bottle and manipulation with hands
What is a good way to improve large and small skills?
Through phsyical activities as well as arts and arts and crafts. Letting them do big things but also intricate things within reason
How should a parent respond to a child’s fear of the dark?
Acknowledge their fear, comfort, provide night like, use imagination like “monster spray”
What is the most important consideration in planning a meal for a child?
Nutrition
What are some other recommendations for serving a meal to a toddler?
Color
Texture
Shape
Temperature
Ease of Eating
What are some guidelines to help make mealtime more enjoyable for the entire family?
Regular Schedule
Avoid criticism and praise often
sturdy, unbreakable utensils and child-sized
Spill-proof cup
High chairs
Avoid using bribe
Be a good role model of eating habits and table manners
How can children develop good hygiene habits and skills?
Have a routine usually at bedtime
Have fun and allow playtime
By doing this you are creating lifelong attitudes about hygiene
What are the most important characteristics to look for when buying clothes for a toddler?
Comfort(material and size)
Fabric(natural fiber vs synthetic(traps moisture))
Durability(quality of fabric, fasteners, stitching)
Affordability
self centered
think about own needs and wants
negativism
being overly negative
temper tantrum
children release anger or frustration by screaming, crying, kicking, pounding and sometimes holding their breath
separation anxiety
fear of being away from parents or home
empathy
understanding others emotions
self concept
how people see themselves(traits that make someone special)
What can parents do to help decrease negativism in a child?
Offer choices, postive reinforcement, consistency, acknowledge feelings, set clear expectations
How should parents handle a child who is showing signs of sibling rivalry?
Give child individual atttention, be fair, settle conflicts, avoid comparison
Why are routines important for toddlers?
it makes them feel more comfortable because they know what to expect
Parallel Play
children play side by side without interacting, common in toddlers and early preschoolers
Cooperative Play
Chidlren play together, sharing and collaborating, common with oulder preschoolers nad beyong
How can parents help their children develop social skills?
By role-modeling behavior, allowing playdates, teaching empathy
Define discipline/guidance. What is the long term goal of discipline/guidance?
Dsicpline is about teaching and guiding children to understand and follow rules adn norms and the long tem goal is to develop self discipleine, responsibility adn understanding of appropriate behavior
neuroscience
study of the biological and chemical processes in the brain and nervous systen
intelligence
ability to interpret or understand everyday situationis and use taht experience when faced with new situations or problems
incidental learning
unplanned learning-everyday experiences and cause effect relationships
trial and error learning
trying many solutions before finding the right one
imitation
watching and copying someone else(children imitate actions adn attitudes, advantages and disadvantages
directed learning
formally or informally instructed, involves an older person pruposefully teaching skills, memory or pneumonic devices
creativity
the ability to generate novel and valuable ideas, solutions, or products. It involves thinking outside the box and making unique connections.
What can parents do to encourage reasoning and curiosity?
Ask open ended questions that encourgage thinking iand exploration, be supportive and model curiosuity
How can parents help with reading and math readiness?
Parents can focus on the excitement of reading and parents can read to children. For math readiness parents can point things out in everyday life.
How can parents guide their children’s learning?
Help children understand the world around them, give time and attention, maintain positive attitude, encourage children to draw conclusions, explain things with simple language, give choices
What are some normal speech difficulties that toddlers have?
Late talkers, problems with articulation, stuttering
What are some speech difficulties that might indicate that speech therapy is needed?
articulation
preschoolers
children ages 4-6 years old
What physical changes take place in an average child as they age from 4 to 6?
Height- slow down, an average of 2.5-3 inches per year, Weight- 4-5 pounds a year, Proportions-straighter and slummer, improved balance and better coordination, Teeth- begin losing baby teeth at around 6 years old
How many teeth are in a set of permanent teeth?
32
Why do children suck their thumbs? Why is it important to break the habit, and what is the best way?
It is a tensional outlet and a habit. It is important to break the habit because it could ruin their dental care and isnt accepted as you get older
dexterity
use of hands and fingers
ambidextrous
ability to use both hands in everyday tasks
Why is good nutrition so important for children 4-6 years old?
Good nutrition is important in children ages 4-6 because they are still growing and often very active so they need the right nutrients to stay healthy.
What factors should be used to determine how much food a child needs?
age and activity level
What are some self care skills that preschoolers can do?
Preschoolers may start to learn how to dress themselves with minimal assistance. They may not always match and that is okay. Comfort is important. Children have fewer accidents, certain factors can increase accidents like if the child is ill new place or stress.
Define group identification. How does a child fulfill that need?
Preschoolers begin to understand their roles within social groups, such as family, peers, and community. Allow children to follow fads(within reason)
Define Enuresis and what can parents do to deal with it?
Inability to control bladder, Parents should understand that bedwetting is common among preschoolers and provide support and patience as children develop bladder control.
What should parents and caregivers do to keep preschoolers safe?
Supervising and teaching preschoolers about safety rules are important for preventing accidents and injuries.
What factors help shape a child’s emotional development?
General Patterns according to age: Preschoolers may exhibit a wide range of emotions and behaviors as they learn to navigate their feelings and understand social cues.
What are common characteristics of a 4-year old?
When angry, 4 year olds may still use physical or threats
What are some changes that take place between the 4th and 5th birthday?
Coordination, attention span and problem sovling, understanding of others feelings
What are common characteristics of a six year old?
More energy and fine motor skills, start asking complex questions and are more curious, want friends, sensitive to criticism
How do 4-year- olds typically express anger? 5-year-olds? 6-year-olds?
4 year olds- tantrums, crying and hitting, 5 year olds- verbal expression of frustration physical aggression, 6 year olds- verbal expression and know how to get on someones nerve
What is the chief reason for the common fears that children have between the ages of 4 to 6?
They develop imagination and awareness towards the world which opens their minds to danger and separating from their parents
Children, who tattle, criticize, and lie are most likely feeling what emotion?
jealousy or feelings of insecurity
What can caregivers do to build a preschooler’s self confidence?
Praise the good things they do, enourcage independence and let them make choices
What is the best way to teach a child right from wrong?
Role model behavior, consistent rules, teach that certain behaviors are right or wrong
Explain Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
Preconventional: Focus on avoiding punishment and self-interest.
Conventional: Upholding laws and social rules.
Postconventional: Guided by universal ethical principles.
What has a child who feels guilty about bad behavior and has an inner sense of right and wrong developed?
developed a conscience
IQ
A measure of a person's cognitive abilities in relation to their age group. It is usually assessed through standardized testing and expressed as a score.
Cultural Bias
The tendency to interpret and judge phenomena by standards inherent to one's own culture, which can lead to unfair or inaccurate conclusions about other cultures.
What is measured by a IQ test
Logical reasoning
Mathematical ability
Language skills
Spatial recognition
Memory
What is not measured by an IQ test?
Creativity
Emotional intelligence
Practical problem-solving
Social skills
linguistic intelligences
language skills
logical mathematical intelligence
logical and mathematical thinking
spatial intelligence
ability to visualize and manipulate objects
musical intelligence
talent in music, rhythm and sound
bodily kinesthetic intelligence
coordination and physical movement
interpersonal intelligence
understanding and interacting with others
intrapersonal intelligence
self awareness
naturalistic intellgence
recognize natural objects and patterns
Make believe play(dramatic play)
Children engage in imaginative activities, pretending to be different characters or in various scenarios
use of symbols
such as words or images, to represent objects and ideas. This is crucial for the development of language and abstract thinking.
egocentric
Children in this stage often have difficulty seeing things from perspectives other than their own. They assume others see, hear, and feel exactly as they do.
limited focus
children tend to focus on one aspect of a situation or object while ignoring others
phoneme
letter sound like b in bat
alliteration
The repetition of the same initial consonant sound in a series of words. For example, "Sally sells sea shells by the sea shore."
finger play
A type of activity involving hand and finger movements accompanied by songs or chants, often used to engage young children in learning and to develop fine motor skills.
What letter sounds are the most difficult for a child to articulate?
J, ch, si, st and pl
What can parents do to prepare their children for school?
Encourage social interactions, have them play with toys that are educational, have a routine
What are the safety guidelines that children should follow when eating?
Small bites, sit up, no talking
What is the most common way to immunize a child against a disease?
vaccines
What are the important guidelines in handling an emergency?
Stay calm, assess the situation, comfort, call and provide 1st aid
What is the proper treatment for an animal bite?
Clean wound, add antibiotic, seek medical attention because it could have rabies
What is the proper first aid for bleeding?
Apply pressure, elevate area, seek medical attention if you cant get it to stop on its own
What is the proper first aid for a nosebleed?
Lean forward, pinch nose
What is proper first aid for a deep cut or wound?
Stop the bledding, clean and cover wound.
What is the proper first aid for a bump or bruise?
Ice pack, elevate, rest
First Degree Burn
Red, painful skin. Cool with water and cover with a non-stick bandage.
Second Degree Burn
Blisters and severe pain. Cool with water, do not pop blisters, cover loosely.
3rd degree burn
White, charred skin. Seek immediate medical attention.