Additional notes

electrotherapy (TENS or high), cold, hot, traction, US

agents for pain modulation

NMES

agents for strengthening

NMES, hot, traction, US

agents for flexibility/ROM

FES

agents for neuromuscular reeducation

electrotherapy (high-volt, direct current), cold, hot, compression, US

agents for tissue healing (edema, wounds)

NMES

for acute phase, ___ should be avoided

TENS or IFC

for acute phase, use ___ for pain

IFC

which is more comfortable: TENS or IFC

TENS

for more pinpoint effect for pain

IFC

for more widespread effect for pain

200-400 microsec

duration to produce a muscle contraction (twitch or tetanic)

200-400 microsec

duration for central inhibition (twitch)

70-90 microsec

duration for gate theory

30-40 pps

frequency to avoid fatigue

longer duration

motor response requires

central inhibition

twitch is good for

10 pps; 200-400 microsec

m twitch parameters

30-50 pps; 200-400 microsec

m contraction parameters

80-110 pps; 70-90 microsec

gate theory parameters

direct current

greater than a sec, unidirectional

alternating current

greater than a sec, bidirectional

pulsed current

ends before a sec, uni or bidirectional

increase frequency

for a more smooth m contraction