chapter 4 microbio

Besides the presence of 70S ribosomes in chloroplasts and mitochondria, the presence of what other organic molecule is another similarity

circular DNA

distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms

prokaryotic

eukaryotic

Why doesn't penicillin kill eukaryotic cells? (What molecule does penicillin target?)

they do not have peptidoglycan

what is the difference between mitosis and meiosis

mitosis is asexual reproduction, generates 2 identical offspring (same chromo # as parents), most common eukaryotic cell division meiosis is sexual reproduction - gametes form & 2 cell divisions

what 2 eukaryotic organelles divide using a process similar to binary fission

mitochondria and chloroplasts

what is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis (endo- enter | exo- exit) & are they passive or active

endocytosis imports into cell

exocytosis removes from cell using endocytic vesicles

both active

what is the difference between pinocytosis and phagocytosis?

pinocytosis is “cell drinking” and phagocytosis is “cell eating” - endocytosis of undissovled substances

what is a phagocyte and function\

specialized immune system cells (macrophages) that destroy target they engulf

Name four eukaryotic kingdoms

animalia, plantae, fungi, protista

name two phyla of parasitic helminths

flukes and tapeworm

What are unicellular fungi called

yeasts

Fungi are saprobes what is that

they absorb nutrients from dead plants and animals in the environment

define what are dimorphic fungi

they have two forms

define mycoses

disease caused by fungi

vaginal yeast infections are mainly caused by which genus of yeast

candida

what is a dermatophyte? one common dermatophyte infection is tinea. what are two common names for tinea (tinea is not a fungal genus. the most common genus that causes tinea infections is trichophyton)

they are true pathogens that infect skin, hair, and nails (break down the protein keratins) tinea is ringworm and athletes foot

some eukaryotes have cell walls. where is it located compared to organisms plasma membrane?

external to the plasma membrane

how does the motion produced by eukaryotic flagella differ from prokaryotic flagella?

eukaryotic flagella have a wave-like motion

prokaryotes have a propeller-like motion

do prokaryotes possess cilia

only eukaryotes (shorter than flagella/more numerous)

what two areas within a cella are eukaryotic ribosomes located? (ribosomes function in protein production and can be free or bound)

free in the cytoplasm or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum

do eukaryotic cells posssess 70S ribosomes as well as 80S ribosomes (hint: mitochondria)

NO

what are two main functions of the cytoskeleton (the two functions from section heading)

shapes cells and coordinates cell cargo movement

What is the main macromolecule housed in the nucleus

DNA

what occurs in the nucleolus of eukaryotic cell

ribosomal subunits begin their developments

What is the function of the rough ER & what structures make it rough

protein and lipid production, the ER is made up of membranous enclosures and ribosomes on the outer surface

main function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

involved in lipid production more than protein modification

function of golgi apparatus

coordinates with eh ER to modify proteins, builds lipids, and further sort and distribute the finished product

function of lysosomes and peroxisomes

lysosomes: break down substances engulfed cells during phagocytosis and endocytosis like garbage disposal

peroxisomes are in eukaryotic cells and have enzymes that break down certain fats and amino acids to protect the cell

main function of mitochondria + relation between number of mitochondria per cell and the activity level of the cell

mitochondria makes ATP to meet energy needs, more mitochondria= more activity

function of chloroplasts

harvest energy from sunlight using chorophyll and carotenoids