Apush Units 1-7 Review Flashcards

New Netherland

A colony established by the Dutch West India Company for profit and the fur trade, acting as a rival to England in the New World.

Jamestown

The first permanent British colony in the New World, established by the Virginia Company.

Chesapeake Bay

Region where George Calvert aimed to create a colony for real estate and as a refuge for English Catholics, leading to religious tensions.

Tobacco

A cash crop grown primarily in Virginia and Maryland that became a major export.

Indentured Servants

Primarily White English immigrants bound by a contract to work for a specific period to repay travel and living costs.

New England

Region settled by Puritans who sought religious freedom and created the Mayflower Compact.

Puritans

English reformers who aimed to purify the Church of England from practices they found unacceptable.

'City on a Hill'

The belief that the Puritan colony would be a model for the rest of the world to emulate.

Middle Colonies

Region characterized by diverse populations and economies based on trade and agriculture, including New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware.

Town Meetings

Local gatherings in New England where citizens discussed and voted on public issues.

Colonial Assemblies

Legislative bodies in the colonies with representatives who made laws and decisions for their regions.

Bacon's Rebellion

A rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon against the governor of Virginia, protesting unfair treatment of backcountry farmers.

King Philip's War

Conflict between Metacom and Native American tribes against English settlers, resulting in heavy casualties for both sides.

Headright System

A land grant program used in Virginia to attract new settlers by giving them land for settling.

Salutary Neglect

An unofficial British policy of not strictly enforcing trade laws in the colonies.

Pueblo Revolt

A revolt by Native Americans in New Mexico against Spanish settlers.

Quakers

A religious group that rejected predestination and believed in the potential for salvation for all individuals.

Spanish Missions

Religious communities established by Spanish colonizers to convert Native Americans to Christianity.

First Great Awakening

A religious revival in the 1730s-1740s that emphasized personal faith and the need for emotional connection to religion.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement emphasizing reason and scientific thought.

Mercantilism

An economic theory that states a nation's strength is directly related to its wealth, best achieved through exports.

Chattel Slavery

A system where enslaved individuals are treated as property with no rights.

Navigation Acts

Laws passed by British Parliament to regulate colonial trade and enable England to collect taxes.

Triangular Trade

The transatlantic trade route that exchanged goods, enslaved people, and raw materials between America, Europe, and Africa.

Middle Passage

The brutal voyage of enslaved Africans to the Americas.

Stono Rebellion

A slave rebellion in South Carolina where enslaved people rose against their masters.

French and Indian War/7 Years War

Conflict between France and Britain, leading to British dominance in North America.

Proclamation of 1763

British decree forbidding American colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains.

Treaty of Paris 1763

Agreement that ended the French and Indian War, transferring control of Canadian territories to Britain.

Taxation without Representation

The principle that it is unjust to tax citizens without their consent or representation in the governing body.

Benjamin Franklin Stamp Act Congress

An intercolonial meeting to protest the Stamp Act and assert that colonies should tax themselves.

Boston Massacre

A confrontation in which British soldiers killed five colonists, intensifying anti-British sentiments.

Boston Tea Party

Protest against British taxes where colonists dumped tea into Boston Harbor.

Coercive Acts/Intolerable Acts

British laws imposed to punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party.

Lexington and Concord

First battles of the American Revolution, marking the outbreak of armed conflict.

Patriot

Colonial supporters of independence from Britain.

Loyalist

Colonists who remained loyal to the British crown.

Continental Army

The army formed by the Second Continental Congress to fight British forces.

George Washington

The commander of the Continental Army and a prominent leader in the American Revolution.

Battle of Saratoga

A major American victory that proved to France that the colonies could win the war.

Battle of Yorktown

The last major battle of the Revolutionary War, leading to British surrender.

Treaty of Paris 1783

Agreement that ended the American Revolutionary War, recognizing American independence.

Abigail Adams

The wife of John Adams who advocated for women's rights in the new American government.

Hessians

German mercenaries hired by the British to fight in the Revolutionary War.

Natural Rights

Fundamental rights inherent to all individuals, not granted by government.

Thomas Paine

Author of Common Sense, advocating for American independence from Britain.

Common Sense

Pamphlet by Thomas Paine arguing for complete independence from Britain.

Declaration of Independence

The document proclaiming the colonies' separation from Britain.

Abolitionism

Movement to end slavery and promote civil rights for African Americans.

Republican Motherhood

The idea that women have a role in instilling moral values in their children.

French Revolution

A revolution in France driven by Enlightenment ideas and social unrest, leading to the rise of Napoleon.

State Constitutions

Documents that outline the framework and powers of individual state governments.

Articles of Confederation

The first governing document of the United States, which proved ineffective in unifying the nation.

Critical Period

The time after the American Revolution, marked by challenges in government and political stability.

Shay's Rebellion

An uprising by farmers in Massachusetts protesting economic injustices.

Constitutional Convention

Meeting to address the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.

Federalism

System of government where power is divided between a central authority and regional entities.

Separation of Powers

Political principle dividing government responsibilities among branches to prevent concentration of power.

Virginia Plan

Proposal for a bicameral legislative system based on population.

New Jersey Plan

Proposal for a unicameral legislature with equal representation for states.

Great Compromise

Established a bicameral legislature with representation based on population in the House and equal representation in the Senate.

3/5 Compromise

Agreement that each enslaved person would count as 3/5 of a person for taxation and representation.

1808 Slave Trade Agreement

Law banning the importation of enslaved peoples to the United States.

Federalists before 1791

Supporters of a strong national government and divided powers.

Anti-Federalists

Opponents of the Federalists, advocating for states' rights and individual liberties.

Federalist Papers

Series of writings promoting the ratification of the Constitution.

Alexander Hamilton

Leading advocate for a strong central government and the first Secretary of the Treasury.

James Madison

Father of the Constitution, contributing significantly to its drafting and ratification.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution, guaranteeing individual rights.

George Washington

First President of the United States and Commander-in-Chief during the Revolutionary War.

John Adams

The second President of the United States and the first Vice President.

Federalists after 1791

Supporters of a strong central government and a permanent national debt to promote economic stability.

Democratic-Republicans

Political party advocating for agrarian interests and states’ rights.

Thomas Jefferson

Author of the Declaration of Independence and a leading figure among Democratic-Republicans.

Whiskey Rebellion

A violent protest against the whiskey tax, showcasing tensions between federal authority and local resistance.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Laws allowing the deportation of foreigners and making it illegal to criticize the government.

Northwest Ordinance

Legislation governing the settlement of western territories.

Jay's Treaty

Agreement aimed at resolving issues between the U.S. and Britain, notably related to shipping.

Pekingese Treaty

Agreement recognizing American rights to navigate and trade along the Mississippi River.

George Washington's Farewell Address

Advice emphasizing unity and neutrality in foreign affairs.

Transcendentalism

Philosophical movement promoting individualism and self-reliance in the early 19th century.

Market Revolution

Transformation of the U.S. economy from agrarian to industrial.

Election of 1800

A peaceful transfer of power between political parties in America.

Louisiana Purchase

Land acquisition doubling the size of the U.S. acquired from France.

Battle of New Orleans

A significant U.S. victory in the War of 1812 that bolstered national pride.

Missouri Compromise

Political agreement admitting Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state.

Monroe Doctrine

Policy declaring opposition to European colonialism in the Americas.

Era of the Common Man

Period during which political power shifted to the common white male voter.

Seneca Falls Convention

First women's rights convention in the U.S. advocating for women's suffrage.

Suffrage

The right to vote in political elections.

Marbury v. Madison

Landmark case establishing the principle of judicial review.

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the U.S., known for his populist policies.

Jacksonian Democrats

Political group supporting Andrew Jackson and advocating for the common man.

Henry Clay

Prominent politician known for developing the American System.

Whigs

Political party opposing Jackson and advocating for a strong legislative role.

Second National Bank

Institution aimed at stabilizing the economy post-War of 1812.

Internal Improvements

Federal projects to enhance transportation and communication.

Tariff of Abominations

High protective tariff benefiting Northern industries at the cost of Southern economies.

Second Great Awakening

Religious revivalist movement leading to a surge in religious fervor.

Utopian Movements

Efforts to create ideal societies, often rejecting traditional views on family and community.