En/SR Full Notes

Jean-Jacque Rousseau

French philosopher known for 'The Social Contract' which states individuals consent to surrender some freedoms for protection of remaining rights.

The Social Contract

A work by Rousseau where individuals consent to submit to authority for protection of their rights.

John Locke

English philosopher who wrote 'The Second Treatise of Government', asserting that men have natural rights to life, liberty, and property.

The Second Treatise of Government

Locke's work emphasizing natural rights and government’s responsibility to protect them.

Thomas Hobbes

English philosopher known for 'The Leviathan', arguing that a strong government is necessary for self-protection in a 'state of nature'.

The Leviathan

Hobbes' influential work advocating for absolute power in government for protection and order.

Montesquieu

French philosopher who advocated for the separation of powers in government.

The Spirit of Laws

Montesquieu's work detailing the importance of separating governmental powers.

Voltaire

French philosopher who championed freedom of religion, speech, and the separation of church and state.

salon

Meeting places during the Enlightenment where philosophers shared ideas, often run by women.

Ptolemy

Greco-Roman astronomer born around 100 AD who proposed the geocentric theory of the universe.

Nicolaus Copernicus

Prussian mathematician known for formulating the heliocentric theory where the sun is the center of the universe.

Johannes Kepler

German astronomer who developed laws of planetary motion, stating planets move in elliptical orbits.

Galileo Galilei

Italian astronomer known as the Father of Astronomy who proved Copernicus’ heliocentric theory using a telescope.

Isaac Newton

English mathematician known for 'Principia', his work on laws of motion and gravity.

Francis Bacon

English philosopher credited with developing the scientific method.

William Harvey

English physician who was the first to detail the human circulatory system.

Johann Sebastian Bach

German composer of the baroque era, known for his complex musical works.

Amadeus Mozart

Austrian composer of the classical era known for his influential compositions.

Eugene Delacroix

French painter who was a leading figure of the French Romantic style.

Miguel Cervantes

Spanish novelist known for writing 'Don Quixote', a seminal work in Western literature.

Peter the Great

Tsar of Russia who modernized the country based on Enlightenment ideas and founded St. Petersburg.

Louis XIV

King of France known for absolute monarchy, ruled from the Palace of Versailles, and practiced divine right.

Charles II

Restored King of England, Scotland, and Ireland after the English Civil War; ruled from 1660-1685.

Absolutism

A political system where a single ruler holds absolute power over the government.

Divine Right Theory

The belief that a monarch's authority comes directly from God rather than the people.

English Bill of Rights 1689

An act establishing basic civil rights in England and clarifying the succession of the Crown.

Glorious Revolution

The 1688 overthrow of King James II of England, leading to increased parliamentary power.