ENT 201 (001) EXAM 2

from reproduction to defense

what insects fall under Orthoptera?

Grasshoppers, Crickets, Katydids

What are the features of Orthoptera?

Meaning “straight-winged”, they have saltatorial hind legs, leathery forewings that cover the hindwings, and use stridulation. Hemimetabolous.

what is stridulation?

the file-and-scraper mechanism for sound production

What is a Hemimetabolous life cycle?

no pupal stage in the transition from larvae to adult.

What insects fall under Blattodea?

Roaches and Termites

What are the traits of Blattodea?

Large pronotum that sometimes completely covers the head. long antennae. leathery front wings if present, and membranous hind wings if present.

What are the traits of cockroaches (under blattodea)?

Decomposers, Hemimetabolous, 4,600. Oviparous (lays eggs) or Ovoviviparous (hatching eggs inside and birthing live young. )

what are the traits of termites (previously under Isoptera)?

unclear separation of thorax and abdomen, eyes are small, beaded antennae. They are Eusocial (society with castes). Queens live 20 years. Nests are climate controlled.

what insects fall under the order Coleoptera?

Beetles

What are the traits of Coleoptera?

Adult elytra, mandibular mouthparts, diversity, largest insect order (350,000 species)

Describe the order of Hemiptera

“true bugs“. (cicadas, aphids, planthoppers, leafhoppers) all have piercing-sucking mouthparts adapted for liquid diets. incomplete metamorphosis.

Describe the order of Siphonaptera

“sucking no wings“. Fleas. Small, jumping, wingless parasites of mammals as adults.

Describe the order of Diptera

“two wings“. true flies. Adults have functional forewings and hindwings modified into halteres used for balance in flight. Liquid diet. Larvae are legless. many disease vectors.

Lepidoptera

“scale-wings” moths and butterflies. Adults haved large scaled wings and siphoning mouthparts. Catepillars as larvae.

Define the order Hymenoptera

“joined wings“. wasps, ants, bees, and their allies. fore and hind- wings, if present, usually linked by tiny hooks; ovipositors in females to sting. chewing mouthparts, highyl societal.

what are the traits of class insecta?

Three body segments, six legs, exposed mouthparts, many winged

what are the traits of class Apterygota?

primitively wingless insects - ametabolous lifecycle.

What are the traits of class Pterygota?

winged insects descended from common winged ancestorsd

What are the traits of class Neoptera?

wings that rotate and fold over the abdomen

What are the traits of class Polyneoptera?

chewing mouthparts, simple metamorphosis, front wings modified to tegmina (leathery, opaque wings), well developed cerci.

What are the traits of endopterygota?

also known as holometabola, they undergo complete metamorphosis with a pupal stage.

protein filaments essential for muscle contraction and cellular movement

actin and myocin. (insects have no oxygen storing proteins)

what is the fuel for insect movement?

carbs, lipids, oxygen

How do insects functionally move appendages?

“opposing” muscles to open and close, resilin (rubbery hinges) to assist, muscles activate via nerve impulses.

what is synchronous nerve impulses? asynchronous?

1;1 contraction ratio. 1;several contraction ratio

whats the purpose of the thoracic and abdominal ganglia?

responsible for coordinating movements and controlling motor functions in the legs and wings

What is vortex flying?

flying technique, insects fly by exploiting the swirling air patterns (vortices) generated by their wing movements, enabling better control and efficiency in the air.

Describe wings on insects.

unmuscled outgrowths of meso and metathorax (never abdomen). Originated from two pair, large wing loading.

what is wing loading?

the ratio of wing to insect body

why are hot muscles required for flight?

Increased temperature enhances the efficiency of muscle contractions.

what are methods for insects to efficiently fly?

taking off against the wind, using the radiator within the abdomen to heat muscles, the twist and shape of their wing, using both indirect and direct muscles

What are the two types of migration? what common insects partake?

round trip (Annual two-way) or (annual) one way. Monarchs, cabbage loopers, desert locusts.

Describe nomadic migration.

any direction and usually seeking resources via the direction of the wing. Locusts.

Describe the direciton of annual two-way and annual one-way migration.

Moving from south to north in the U.S. summer and then dying. Moving towards warmth during winters in North or South America.

Describe how the thorax muscles are used for flight. (direct and indirect)

direct: contraction of elevator muscles create a upward angle of wings while contraction of depressive muscles pull wings down. (dragonflies)

indirect: vertical muscle contraction guides thorax roof to raise wings while horizontal muscles parallel to the thorax guide the roof to lower wings. (flies)

why do insects communicate

mating, food location, alarm or defense, social delegation, recognizing nest mates.

what are the methods of sound production?

stridulation, tymbals, percussion, hissing, whistling, wing beating.

waht are the visual cues insects may use?

swarming, wing flapping, color flashing, bioluminescence. (flash or constant)

what is a bee waggle?

orientation towards the sun to decide and communicate direction, distance, and quality. (voting system)

descibe a bee lifecycle

birth, housekeeper, forager, death

define allomone

chemical detection that benefits the sender and harms the receiver (venus flytrap)

define kairomone

chemical detection that benefits the receiver at the expense of the sender. (human breathe to a mosquito)

define pheromone (synamones) and list it’s different uses.

chemical detection that benefits both the sender and the receiver.

• sex

• alarm

• dispersal

• aggregation

• caste (delegation)

• territory marking

• trail marking

what percentage of insect species are pests?

less than 5%

what are some things insects produce for humans?

honey as antiseptic, wac, pollen, royal jelly, propollis, silk, shellac

what chemicals are produced by insects decomposing dead organic material?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Phosphorus

how are surgical maggots used?

maggots eat dead material in open wounds and produce antiseptic for themselves. Heals wounds better than surgery.

What are the three ways insects decompose?

dead plants, animals, humans, and animal waste.

how are insects used as weather predictors?

insects may become more active or migrate in response to changes in temperature, humidity, and air pressure. Additionally, insects like cicadas and crickets change in their songs or activity because of weather changes.

are the majority of insects solitary or social?

solitary (no parental care, aggressive)

define subsocial

some parental care of immatures

define communal

shared nest, no care of immatures

define quasisocial

shared nest, cooperation in caring for immatures.

define semisocial

shared nest, cooperate in brood care, division of labor

define Eusocial

share a nest, cooperate in brood care, reproductive division of labor, overlapping generations. (all termites, ants, honey bees)

what are the key similarities between ants, termites, and honey bees?

polymorphism, queens, trophallaxis (gut sharing), grooming, trail marking, nest odor and air conditioning, wings until mated, swarming.

define and describe trophallaxis

the sharing of gut material (oral or proctodeal)

What are the key differences between ants, termites, and honeybees?

termites and bees are vegetarian

termites have a king

termite workers are blind, sterile, and gendered - ant and bee workers are all sterile females
termite nymphs work due to their simple metamorphosis

ants excavate vs build

how are leafcutter ants considered farmers?

they dont actually consume the leaves themselves, they actually use the leaves to grow a particular fungus to then eat.

what are the impressive behaviors of ants?

they enslave other ants and have co-evolved with some tree species for a mutually beneficial relationship.

what is entomophobia?

irrational fear of insects whether or not they pose a real threat.

What is Delusional parasitosis

belief that non-existent insects are crawling or biting one’s body

describe urticating hairs

venom glanded seta that rubs off from touch

why do insects suck blood?

Only females suck blood. used for protein for eggs. can be needle mouthparts or cutting.

what are the two kinds of venomous bites?

neurotoxic (vomitting and fever) and hematoxic (necrosis and decay)

why do bees die after stinging but not wasps?

bees have barbed stingers that stay stuck in the victim, wasp stingers are smooth and can sting multiple times.

what are the common parasite orders?

anoplura (lice), acarina (mites), diptera (maggots), hemiptera (bed bugs), siphonaptera (fleas)

define mechanical disease transmission

the case where a disease agent is transmitted on the surface or in the mouthparts of the vectoring organism

whats the most common type of joint for insects?

ball and joint