Benchmark 1 College Level History

Who was the Columbian Exchange named after?

Christopher Columbus

What was the Columbian Exchange?

The global diffusion of plants, food crops, animals, human populations, and disease pathogens that took place after voyages of exploration by Christopher Colombus and other European mariners

The Columbian Exchange had consequences _______________ than any of the earlier rounds of biological exchange.

much more profound

The Columbian exchange involved lands with _______________ flora, fauna, and diseases

radically different

The Columbian Exchange created _____ between previously independent biological zones.

links

The Columbian Exchange did what to the world's human geography and natural environment?

permanently altered it

The Columbian Exchange caused what on indigenous people?

devasting effect of disease

What was a short term effect of the Columbian Exchange?

A lot of indigenous people died to diseases and other causes

What was a long term effect of the Columbian Exchange?

A lot of people and Europeans lived longer lives due to trade and the exchange of new food which helped improved their diet.

What made it easier for European invaders to conquer and settle throughout America?

Diseases killing indigenous with a 50% to 90% morality

What was the most virulent disease during the Columbian Exchange?

Smallpox

Why did diseases have such a big toll on indigenous?

They did not have inherited or acquired immunities to these pathogens

How do people gain immunity to diseases?

Exposure at an early age

Smallpox ravaged which empire?

The Aztec Empire

The indigenous population of Mexico declined by how much due to disease?

90% from 17 million to 1.3 million

The Columbian Exchanged caused what demographically?

The worst demographic calamity in all of world history

What did European introduce to America?

European animals (Horses, pigs, cattle, chickens, etc.)

What did America introduce to Europeans?

Foods native to America (Potatoes, maize, beans, etc).

What was the largest contingent of migrants across the Atlantic?

Enslaved Africans

What was a smaller group that traveled across the Atlantic?

European pioneers (settlers)

Portugal exploration originally was for what?

Fishing

What did Portugal exploration later primarily focus on?

Venturing around Africa to discover a sea route to Asia

Who sponsored a series of voyages down to west Africa?

Prince Henry the Navigator (Prince Henrique)

Who rounded the Cape of Good Hope?

Bartholomeu Dias

What Portuguese mariner made reached India?

Vasco da Gama

Why did the Portuguese want to go to India?

to enter the spice trade, spread Christianity, and have direct maritime trade between European and Asian peoples

Portugal's trade was built on what?

The establishment of maritime trade routes to the markets of Asia and the establishment of fortified trading posts along the maritime route in Africa, India, and Asia

Columbian Exchange increased what?

Overall food supply

Where was the first fortified trading post in India?

Calicut

Who was the first to set up trading posts?

The Portuguese

What did fortified trading posts serve as?

Hubs for the exchange of spices, porcelain gold, ivory, textiles, ad other valuable commodities

Fortified trading post method allowed Portugal to what?

Have direct access to Asian markets, make huge profit, to control local trade networks, secure its economic interests without the need for large-scale territorial colonization.

What is the Reconquista?

the reconquering of Spain and Ibera from Muslim rulers who had been there for 800 years.

When did Reconquista begin?

after the Islamic conquest of most of Spain and Portugal

What were Crusades?

Religious wars between Christians and Muslims over the Holy Land.

Where did the Portuguese establish fortified trading posts?

Sao Jorge da Mina and other strategic locations

Portuguese mariners had what kind of empire?

Earliest trading-post

Until the seventeenth century, European astronomers based their understanding of the universe on the work of who?

Greek scholar Claudius Ptolemy of Alexandria

What work did Ptolemy compose?

Almagest

What did Ptolemy's work talk about?

synthesized theories about the universe

What did Ptolemy envision?

a motionless earth surrounded by a series of nine hollow, concentric spheres the revolved around it

What did Christian astronomers believe about Ptolemy's theory?

Beyond the spheres located heaven

What treatise did Nicolaus Copernicus publish in 1543?

On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

What did Nicolaus Copernicus do?

developed the heliocentric theory that broke with Ptolemaic theory and pointed European science in a new direction

What is the heliocentric theory?

the sun rather than the earth stood at the center of the universe and that the planets and the Earth revolved around the sun

Was Copernicus's theory liked?

It was better supported by science but it challenged scientific theories and religious belief so many did not like it originally.

Scientific revolution

A major change in European thought in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.

Who rang death knell for the Ptolemaic universe and reinforced Copernican model?

Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei

What did Kepler demonstrate?

planetary orbits are elliptical not circular

What did Galileo show about religion and science?

the heavens were not the perfect unblemished realm but rather a world of constant change and discredited the notion that heavenly bodies were smooth, immaculate, unchanging, and perfectly spherical

Who invented the telescope?

Galileo Galilei

Who depended on accurate observation and mathematical researching and revolutionized the study of physics?

Isaac Newton

How would Adam Smith feel about the government's rule in economic system?

minimal

How would Adam Smith view tariffs?

He would not like them

Who was Adam Smith?

Scottish economist, philosopher, and author

What did Adam Smith argue?

society would prosper when individuals pursued their own economic interest, and that capitalism would ultimately improve society as a whole

Adam Smith devoted thought to the nature of what?

Early capitalist society and the principals that made it work

What did Adam Smith want?

Championed free, unregulated markets and capitalist enterprise as the principal ingredients of prosperity

What Era was Martin Luther prominent in?

Protestant reformation

Why did many people leave the Roman Catholic church?

they believed it was corrupt after the practices were attacked by Martin Luther

Martin Luther coalesced expression of religious discontent into what?

a powerful revolt against the church

What did Luther specifically attack?

the sale of indulgence as an individual, the Roman church for a wide range of abuses

Martin Luther published what?

numerous works condemning the Roman church such as the Ninety-Five Thesis

What did Martin Luther call for?

Christendom

What did Martin Luther advocate?

the closure of monasteries, translation of the Bible from Latin into regional languages such as vernacular, and an end to priestly authority including the pope

What did Luther believe?

salvation and the entry to heaven could never be earned through good works or through the prayer of other instead he argued that human could only be saved through faith in the promises of God as revealed in the Bible

What was core of Protestant beliefs that came from Martin Luther?

Justification by faith alone

Who adopted Lutheran Christianity?

Half of the German population and people in other lands

What was the Peace of Westphalia supposed to do?

create peace in Europe

Did Peace of Westphalia work long term, why or why not?

No because many conflicts occurred later

How did the Thirty Years War end?

Peace of Westphalia (1646)

What did the Peace of Westphalia do?

lay the foundations for system of independent, competing states.

Who participated in Peace of Westphalia?

Almost all European states

By Peace Westphalia terms, European states regarded one another as?

Sovereign and equal and mutually recognized their rights to organize their own domestic affairs, including religious affairs

The Peace of Westphalia entrusted political and diplomatic affairs to?

states acting in their own interest rather than envision imperial or papal or other sort of supreme authority

Peace of Westphalia was known as what Era?

Sovereign state

What conflict happened after Peace of Westphalia?

Seven Years' War and the wars of Louis XIV

The Seven Years' War was what?

pitted France, Austria, and Russia against Britain and Prussia and it merged conflicts between France and Britain in India and North America to become a global war for imperial supremacy

The sun king wanted what?

to expand his borders east into Germany and to absorb Spain and the Spanish Netherlands into his kingdom

When Spanish mariners arrived in the Caribbean who were the first people they came across who were most prominent in the region?

Taino (Arawaks)

What did the Taino show interest in?

glass, beads, and metal tools that Spanish mariners brought

What did the Spanish show interest in when arriving in the Americas?

gold jewelry worn by Taino

How were the Taino treated by the Spanish?

First warmly but after a few months terribly because the Spanish was not satisfied with the amount of gold they were getting through trade alone

What were the Spanish about that the Taino didn't have?

spiced or silk

How did the Spanish originally try to support their society in America?

mining gold

What were miners mainly in America when the Spanish came?

Taino

Encomienda

the institution recruitment of labor came through

Migrants born in Europe who came from the Iberian peninsula

peninsulares

born in Americas of Iberian people

criollos

encomienda involved who?

Spanish encomenderos ("settlers") forcing the Taino to work in their mines or fields

What led to the decline of the Taino population?

Working conditions and smallpox

Conquistadores

Spanish "conquerors" who pressed beyond the Caribbean Islands, moving west into Mexico and south into Panama and Peru

Smallpox destroyed what?

besieged Tenochtitlan

Heran Cortes did what?

with a small band of 450 mean brought down the Aztec Empire in Mexico

Francisco Pizarro did what?

with 600 followers toppled the Inca empire in Peru

Aztec Emperor?

Motecuzoma II

The brothers within the Inca ruling house

Huascar and Atahualpa

Portuguese dominated what are for trade?

Indian Basin

Who sought to control Indian ocean trade by forcing merchant ships to purchase safe-conduct passes and present them at Portuguese trading posts?

Afonso d'Alboquerque

Colonial Brazilian life revolved around the

sugar mill / engenho