Chapter 3: Prenatal Development, Birth, and Newborn

What is the period of the zygote

Weeks 1-2

What is the period of the embryo?

Weeks 3-8

What is the period of the fetus?

Weeks 9-38

At what week is sex differentiation determined?

20 weeks

Overview of Fetal Development

General risk factors that influence prenatal development

Nutrition (must include folic acid —- B9 vitamin —- green veggies)

Stress

Mother’s age

What are teratogens? Prenatal consequences of diseases: AIDS, cytomegalovirus, genital herpes, rubella, syphilis

Diseases drugs, & environmental hazards

A: frequent infections, neurological disorders, death

C: deafness, blindness, small lead, low IQ

G: encephalitis, enlarged spleen, improper blood clotting

R: developmental disabilities, damage to eyes ears and heart

S: damage to CNS, teeth, and bones

Consequences of Teratogenic drugs: Accutane, alcohol, aspirin, caffeine, cocaine & heroin, nicotine

Acc: CNS abnormalities, eyes and ears

Alc: FAS => cog deficits, heart damage, retarded growth

Aspirin: cog disabilities (attnetion) and motor deficits

Caffeine: low birth weight, decreased muscle tone

Cocaine & Heroin: retarded growth, irritbaility

Nico: retarded growth, cog impairment possibility

Consequences of Environmental Teratogenic: lead, mercury, PCBs, X-ray

L: developmental disabilities

Mercury: retarded growth, developmental disabilities, CP

PCBs: impaired memory and verbal skills

X-ray: retarded grwoth, leukemia, developmental disabilities

Describe the question, methods, and conclusions for Jacobsen & Humphrey’s experiment

Q: Does PCB exposure lead to longterm cog deficits?

M: 236 children in Michigan observed in a correlational study. PCB concentration measured from blood in umbilical cord & mother’s breast milk while cog abilities measured using McCarthy scales for abilities across 5 areas

C: negative correlation between PCB level of exposure and 2 cog abilities = verbal and memory

Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment

ultrasound, sonograms, CVS (Chorionic villi sampling), amniocentesis

Examples of fetal medicine

medical, surgical, genetic engineering interventions

3 stages of labor

Problems + solutions relating to birth => Common Birth complications

postpartum depression

Anoxia (disrupted blood flow causing placental abruption)

Prematurity + low birth weights (premature infants, small-for-date infants)

What is the new born assessing diagram?

APGAR