Earth Systems - 8 ✅

https://studykit.app/decks/4855e1a3-75fe-400f-9129-ef7b4ce19442 - Volcanoes

what we can see, cool solid rock, oceanic or continental

(also what number)

1. Crust

solid, moves slowly, very hot (500C-4,000C)

(also what number)

2. Mantle

3. Outer Core

very hot liquid

iron and nickel

4. Inner Core

hot solid

mostly iron, some nickel

The formation of solid rock happens through

a) sedimentation

b) erosion

c) weathering

a

______ breaks down a rock into smaller pieces

Weathering

What example is this?

• The small rock fragments are carried away by a river current.

*MOVED

Erosion

Occurs when the transported sediment settles out of the carrying agent and accumulates in a new location. (sand dunes, island)

Deposition

water, wind

solar heating and cooling

water freezing in cracks

Mechanical weathering

acid rain

lichen - destroy rocks

Chemical Weathering

T/F - Mechanical Weathering is the direct force and does not change it’s chemical composition.

T

T/F - Oxidation is an example of chemical weathering

• Substance combines with O

T

Select the Convergent Plate Boundary

Select the Divergent Plate Boundary

Select the Transform Plate Boundary

T/F -Transform boundary constructs the new lithosphere.

F, divergent

Mountains and trenches (subduction) forms from?

Convergent

Rift valleys and ridges form from?

Divergent

List 2 things that Transform Boundaries create

earthquakes

fault lines

measures the amplitude of seismic waves and determines the magnitude of an Earthquake.

seismometer

measures the magnitude (size) made by an earthquake. This records the numerical part 1-10.

Richter Scale

What is the difference between magma and lava?

a) Magma is molten rock that is underground and lava is molten rock that is above ground.

b) When molten rock is underground, it is called magma. When molten rock is on or above Earth's surface, it is called lava.

c) Magma is molten crustal material and lava is molten mantle material.

d) Magma is molten rock that is above ground and lava is molten rock that is underground.

e)Magma is molten mantle material and lava is molten crustal material.

a

Volcanoes form from an _____ eruption.

A caldera forms from an ____ collapse that sometimes occurs after an eruption.

outward

inward

A small collapse is a crater, what is the shape?

bowl

Less viscous are fast/slow volcano erruptions

fast

T/F - Mafic lava is highly viscous and an example is Basalt.

F, less

Hadean Eon

formed from debris

What eon? - Single cell life forming and earth’s crust is forming

Archean eon

Proterozoic Eon

Multicellular life (plants + animals)

What eon? - current, evolution of animals and life, known for Pangea

Phanerozoic Eon

What and When does Pangea exist?

A supercontinent that existed at the time of the Dinosaurs.

Before the Hadean Eon, layers of the Earth formed through _____ (attracting cosmic dust and forming creations)

accretion

T/F - Older organisms have less Carbon-14 in fossils, so they use Carbon Dating for younger fossils.

T

Why was the Cambrian Explosion significant?

explosion of biodiversity

Weathering is an example of a Destructive Process, why?

breaks down rocks and minerals

This scientist discover the continental drift theory, lava cools → iron alings (magnet) with earth’s magnetic field

a) Issac Newton

b) Aristotle

c) Alfred Wegner

d) Galileo

c

"Gluing sediments together" (The sticking together of sediments)

Cementation

If heat and pressure is applied to a sedimentary rock, what will happen?

a) igneous rock

b) erode

c) metamorphic rock

c

Magma or lava cooling will create a _____.

igenous rock

Weathering and Erosion is associated with what rock?

sedimentary rock

YOU’RE CAPABLE AND INTELLIGENT! (look at rock cycle 😁 )

How does the asthenosphere (mantle) move tectonic plates?

convection currents

Put the eons in order from youngest - oldest

1-4

Phan

Phro

Arch

Hade

A person who finds fossils is called

paleontologist

What is the primary way carbon dioxide is naturally taken out of the atmosphere?

photosynthesis

The atmosphere surrounding Earth is composed of approximately 78% nitrogen. How do multicellular organisms obtain this atmospheric nitrogen?

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria release forms into the soil.

___ (broken) to form a new rock, visible layers, sandstone

Sedimentary

cooling of magma or lava, air pockets or crystals, basalt and granite

igneous

changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions, banding/stripes, marble

metamorphic

What is the cooling of intrusive igneous rocks, and can you see crystals?

slow cooling, crystals

T/F - Extrusive igneous rocks are fast cooling, hence no crystals.

T

A process that squeezes, or presses, sediments into sedimentary rocks

Compaction

Chemical or physical process that breaks down rocks into smaller pieces.

Weathering

Epicenter

the point on Earth directly above the other term

Focus

is the point of origin inside the Earth where the rupture occurs

What do you identify the epicenter with?

Triangulation

amplitude (vibrations) of earthquake

Seismometer

Richter Scale

used to express magnitude

T/F - The Richter scale relies on the seismometer to create the magnitude (size).

T

Where do plates glide across?

Asthenosphere

Shield Volcanoes are formed by ___ magma and produce of low viscosity (runny)

mafic

Photosynthesis is the biggest component that removes [carbon or nitrogen?] from the atmosphere.

carbon

what process allows humans and plants to use nitrogen?

nitrogen fixation

With which of the following substances could radiometric carbon dating be used?

a) an arrowhead thought to be from 1,200 BCE

b) a leather sandal thought to be from 45,000 BCE

c) a piece of petrified wood thought to be from 80,000 BCE

d) a ceramic vase thought to be from 1,000 BCE.

b, using Carbon-14 isotopes must be younger than 60,000 years

• The denser (term) plate gets pushed under (subducted) the lighter (term) plate.

• Volcanic mountain ranges on land, ocean trenches,

Oceanic-Continental Convergence

• One term gets subducted under

• Volcanic on islands, ocean trenches

Oceanic-Oceanic Convergence

• neither get subducted, crumple and fold

• Faults, Mountains, earthquakes

Continental-Continental Convergence