Cedarville Introduction to C++ Final (Kneorr)

Ostream

short for 'output stream'; a class that supports output; provides the << operator (insertion operator)

Insertion operator

'<<'; for converting different types of data into a sequence of characters; returns a reference to the ostream that called the operator; is evaluated from left to right

Cout

a predefined ostream object that is pre-associated with a system's standard output, usually a computer screen

Istream

short for 'input stream'; a class that supports input; provides the >> operator (extraction operator) to extract data from a data buffer and write the data into different types of variables

Extraction operator

'>>'; skips leading whitespace, extracts as many characters as possible consistent with the target variable's type, converts the extracted characters to the target variable's type, and stores the result into the variable

Cin

a predefined istream pre-associated with a system's standard input, usually a computer keyboard

Manipulator

a function that overloads the insertion operator or extraction operator to adjust the way output appears; defined in the iomanip and ios libraries in namespace std

Floating-point manipulators

functions that format floating-point numbers for output

Fixed

Uses fixed-point notation; from

Scientific

Uses scientific notation; from

setprecision(p)

If stream has not been manipulated to fixed or scientific: sets max number of digits in number; If stream has been manipulated to fixed or scientific: sets max number of digits in fraction only (after the decimal point); from

showpoint

Even if the fraction is 0, show the decimal point and trailing 0s; the opposite is noshowpoint.

setw(n)

Sets character width for next output item.

setfill(c)

Sets fill character for output.

left

Aligns output to the left.

right

Aligns output to the right.

endl

Inserts newline and flushes output buffer.

flush

Flushes the output buffer without newline.

Function

Group of statements for repeated operations.

Function Definition

Specifies function name and statements block.

Function Call

Invokes a function to execute its statements.

Block

List of statements enclosed in braces.

Return Statement

Returns a value of specified type.

Parameter

Input specified in a function definition.

Argument

Value passed to a function's parameter.

Void function

Function that does not return a value.

Modular development

Divides program into testable modules.

Incremental development

Writes and tests small code increments.

Function stub

Function definition without implemented statements.

Unit testing

Tests individual parts of a program.

Testbench

Program to validate function outputs.

Test vector

Unique set of input values for testing.

Border cases

Extreme input scenarios for testing.

Stack frame

Local variables created for each function call.

Pass by value

Copies argument value into function parameter.

Pass by reference

Parameter refers to original argument's memory.

Reference

Variable type referring to another variable.

Const

Prevents modification of function parameters.

Scope

Visibility of variables within program parts.

Global variable

Declared outside any function, accessible globally.

Side effects

Function alters global variables beyond parameters.

Function declaration

Specifies return type, name, and parameters.

Default parameter value

Allows omission of corresponding argument in calls.

Function overloading

Multiple functions with same name, different parameters.

Algorithm

Sequence of steps for task completion.

Runtime

Time taken for algorithm execution.

Linear search

Searches list elements sequentially for key.

Binary search

Searches by checking middle element, halves search space.

Maximum steps for binary search

Requires [log2 N] + 1 steps for N elements.

Sorting

Process of arranging elements in order.

Selection sort

Sorts by selecting next value from unsorted part.

Comparisons in selection sort

Total comparisons proportional to (N-1)x(N/2).

Struct

Defines a new type with subitems.

Data member

Subitem defined within a struct.

Member access operator

Uses dot notation to access struct members.

#define directive

Macro definition that does not end with semicolon.

Pointer

Variable that holds a memory address.

Dynamically allocated array

Array size determined at runtime.

Appending to an array

Create new array, copy elements, delete old.

Member access operator (->)

Accesses members of an object via pointer.

Dereference operator (*)

Retrieves data pointed to by a pointer.

Delete operator

Deallocates memory allocated with new.

nullptr

Pointer assigned with null keyword.

strchr()

Finds first occurrence of character in string.

strrchr()

Finds last occurrence of character in string.

strstr()

Finds first occurrence of substring in string.

Recursive algorithm

Breaks problem into smaller subproblems recursively.

Base case

Describes a non-recursive step in recursion.

Recursive function

Function that calls itself for solving problems.

Fibonacci sequence

Sequence: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, etc.

Greatest common divisor

Largest number evenly dividing two numbers.

Stack overflow

Occurs from deep recursion exceeding stack memory.