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Portuguese Exploration
the Portuguese established forts along the Atlantic coast of Africa during the fifteenth century, inaugurating centuries of European colonization there. Portuguese trading posts generated new profits that funded further trade and further colonization. Trading posts spread across the vast coastline of Africa. The Spanish and Portuguese stumbled on several islands off the coast of Europe and Africa(Azores, the Canary Islands, and the Cape Verde Islands), they became training grounds for the later colonization of the Americas and saw the first large-scale cultivation of sugar by enslaved laborers.
Spanish Exploration
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Colonization of the Americas by the conquistadors in search for gold, glory and god.
Hernán Cortés, a Spaniard who had won riches in the conquest of Cuba, organized an invasion of Mexico in 1519. Through persuasion, the Spaniards entered Tenochtitlán peacefully. Cortés then captured the emperor Montezuma and used him to gain control of the Aztecs' gold and silver reserves and their network of mines. Eventually, the Aztecs revolted. Montezuma was branded a traitor, and uprising ignited the city. Montezuma was killed along with a third of Cortés's men in la noche triste, the "night of sorrows."
Eastern Woodland Indians Culture and Society
Native American farmers engaged in permanent, intensive agriculture using hand tools. The rich soil and use of hand tools enabled effective and sustainable farming practices, producing high yields without overburdening the soil.
Analysis of remains reveals that societies transitioning to agriculture often experienced weaker bones and teeth. despite these possible declines, agriculture brought important benefits. Farmers could produce more food than hunters, enabling some members of the community to pursue other skills. Religious leaders, skilled soldiers, and artists could devote their energy to activities other than food production.
Mississippian Culture
The Mississippians developed one of the largest civilizations north of modern-day Mexico. The city itself spanned two thousand acres and centered on Monks Mound, a large earthen hill that rose ten stories.
As with many of the peoples who lived in the Woodlands, life and death in Cahokia were linked to the movement of the stars, sun, and moon, and their ceremonial earthwork structures reflect these important structuring forces.
Cahokia was politically organized around chiefdoms, a hierarchical, clan-based system that gave leaders both secular and sacred authority. The size of the city and the extent of its influence suggest that the city relied on a number of lesser chiefdoms under the authority of a paramount leader. Social stratification was partly preserved through frequent warfare. Cahokia became a key trading center partly because of its position near the Mississippi, Illinois, and Missouri Rivers. These rivers created networks that stretched from the Great Lakes to the American Southeast.
Black Legend
False notion that Spanish conquerors did little but butcher the Indians and steal their gold in the name of Christ.
Columbus
Columbus was outfitted with seventeen ships and over one thousand men to return to the West Indies. Still believing he had landed in the East Indies, he promised to reward Isabella and Ferdinand's investment. But when material wealth proved slow in coming, the Spanish embarked on a vicious campaign to extract every possible ounce of wealth from the Caribbean.
Spanish Colonization
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In the first half of the sixteenth century, Spanish colonizers fought frequently with Florida's Native peoples as well as with other Europeans. At the dawn of the seventeenth century, Spain's reach in Florida extended from the mouth of the St. Johns River south to the environs of St. Augustine—an area of roughly 1,000 square miles. In the 1630s, the mission system extended into the Apalachee district in the Florida panhandle. The Apalachee, one of the most powerful tribes in Florida at the time of contact, claimed the territory from the modern Florida-Georgia border to the Gulf of Mexico. Apalachee farmers grew an abundance of corn and other crops. Native American traders carried surplus products east along the Camino Real (the royal road) that connected the western anchor of the mission system with St. Augustine. Spanish settlers drove cattle eastward across the St. Johns River and established ranches as far west as Apalachee. Still, Spain held Florida tenuously.
Aztecs and Cortes
cortes goes to Aztecs and battles the Aztecs. And cortes sides with rival tribes to battle the Aztecs. Moctezuma II tried to use diplomacy and cortes use superior military tech (firearms, cavalry, steel swords). Spanish then massacred hundreds at a festival and looted treasures which provoked a rebellion from the Aztecs. The surviving Spaniards renew attack and capture tenochitlan and then disease spreads to Aztecs and then Spaniards win.
Colonial Competition
The competition that occurred between the colonies of the Americas for resources.
The Middle Ground
England's social crisis
Jamestown
Plymouth
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Pilgrims and Puritans
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Men of middling means found greater opportunities in Maryland, which prospered as a tobacco colony without the growing pains suffered by Virginia. Unfortunately, Lord Baltimore's hopes of a diverse Christian colony were thwarted since colonists were Protestants relocating from Virginia. Many of these Protestants were radical Quakers and Puritans who were frustrated with Virginia's efforts to force adherence to the Anglican Church, also known as the Church of England. In 1650, Puritans revolted, setting up a new government that prohibited both Catholicism and Anglicanism.
Headright Policy
landowners in Virginia was given 50 acres, and was given an additional 50 for each person he brought or sent over
Planters paid to transport immigrants to the colonies in exchange for land.
Settlers who had already been living in Virginia were given two headrights of 50 acres.
Why it was used
The system was created to attract new settlers and solve labor shortages.
The tobacco economy required large plots of land with many workers.
What it led to
increased the population of the colonies.
It also contributed to the expansion of indentured servitude, the lower class, and slavery.
It caused more violent conflicts with Native Americans.
Demographics in the colonies
The demographic makeup of the colonies was overwhelmingly English with small pockets of Germans in Pennsylvania, Dutch in New York, Swedes in the Carolinas, and Scots Irish on the frontier
Slavery in Africa
slaves taken in war, jihad and raiding empires and kingdoms against one another.
Enslaved people served in a variety of roles, including agriculture, domestic work, and soldiering.
Enslavement could result from debt, crime, or violent raids.
Enslaved people could eventually become part of their master's family and be freed.
slavery's purpose varied from domestic service and labor to export and human sacrifice
Growth of Slavery in Caribbean and North America
European Colonist enslaved and sell Natives after wars in the roughly early 1600s (24-25,000 in South once colonization began there. African Slavery was labor solution for colonial ventures in the Caribbean and North and South America.
African slaves obtained freedom akin to indentured servants
legal changes in colonial Virginia in 1660s mae slavery lifelong and a heritable status via the mother.
By 18th century in the Americas, slaves were key labor source (most go to Caribbean) with slave grown crops-sugar, tobacco and rice
Founding of Rhode Island and Maryland
Roger Williams and his fellow settlers agreed on an egalitarian constitution and established religious and political freedom in the colony. The following year, another Massachusetts exile, Anne Hutchinson, and her followers settled near Providence. Others soon arrived, and the colony was granted a charter by Parliament in 1644. Persistently independent and with republican sympathies, the settlers refused a governor and instead elected a president and council. These separate communities passed laws abolishing witchcraft trials, imprisonment for debt and, in 1652, chattel slavery. Because of the colony's policy of toleration, it became a haven for Quakers, Jews, and other persecuted religious groups. In 1663, Charles II granted the colony a royal charter establishing the colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.
In late 1633, both Protestant and Catholic settlers left England for the Chesapeake, arriving in Maryland in March 1634. Men of middling means found greater opportunities in Maryland, which prospered as a tobacco colony without the growing pains suffered by Virginia. Unfortunately, Lord Baltimore's hopes of a diverse Christian colony were thwarted since colonists were Protestants relocating from Virginia. Many of these Protestants were radical Quakers and Puritans who were frustrated with Virginia's efforts to force adherence to the Anglican Church, also known as the Church of England. In 1650, Puritans revolted, setting up a new government that prohibited both Catholicism and Anglicanism. Governor William Stone attempted to put down the revolt in 1655 but was not successful until 1658. Two years after the Glorious Revolution (1688-1689), the Calverts lost control of Maryland and the province became a royal colony.
Pennsylvania and William Penn
1681- William Penn received a land grant from King Charles II, and used it to form a colony that would provide a haven for Quakers. His colony, Pennsylvania, allowed religious freedom.
English Civil War
King Philip's War
An even larger number of enslaved Native Americans were captured during King Philip's War (1675-1676), an uprising against the encroachments of the New England colonies. Hundreds of Native Americans were bound and shipped into slavery. The New England colonists also tried to send enslaved Native Americans to Barbados, but the Barbados Assembly refused to import them for fear they would encourage rebellion.
Bacon's Rebellion
Yamasee War
Republicanism vs. Liberalism
The Great Awakening
protestant religous revivals of the 1730s-1750s in both Britain and colonies. emotional preaching the focusd on personal salvation and the horros of sinfulness, embrace of outside meetings revivals.
Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield were the best known.
often tinged with anti-elite criticisms: salvation over profit and elites who kept people in debt were greedy. Many common people attend revivals including slaves, some embracing christianity(new denomination = led to growth of Baptist Methodist and Presbyterian chruches in colonies and growth religious tolerance encourage many to study bible on their own and to become their own source of authority
Slavery in Carolinas vs. Chesapeake vs. North
Chesapeake slavery
plantations, tobacco leaves, slavery become the predominant workforce of tobacco plantations(smaller). slaves work closer with their 'owners'.
-people had certain rights and some go away through 1600s-1700s. Being a slave= black (Majority of slaves in chesapeake making up 42% of Virginia and 32% of Maryland)
slavery is the key to VA economy, linking them with england. plantation elite and merchants shipping slaves and tobacco to dominate colony
race became important dividing line with free blacks having their rights taking away and new laws restricting their lives
some slaves run away to escape slavery or even temporarily
Carolina Slavery
by 1730 2/3 of South Carolina is african slaves...rice plantations drive demand for slaves
rice plantations are huge in size - enslaved people operate under a task system with less direct supervision than in chesapeake. Indigo also emerges as key crop after 1740s. Due to diesease in swampy waters this form of slavery is very deadly and slave owners tended to live in charleston
1739 stono rebellion is led by slaves from kongo to escape to Ft moses
Northern slavery
slavery common in nothern cities but laws were somewhat less harsher than in south
slaves worked as artisans, farm laborers, dock worker, and domestic servants
new england slaves less than 3% of pop
new york is 20% enslave in 1746 slaves also prevalent in philadelphia
Consumer Revolution
During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, improvements in manufacturing, transportation, and the availability of credit increased the opportunity for colonists to purchase consumer goods. Instead of making their own tools, clothes, and utensils, colonists increasingly purchased luxury items made by specialized artisans and manufacturers. As the incomes of Americans rose and the prices of these commodities fell, these items shifted from luxuries to common goods. The average person's ability to spend money on consumer goods became a sign of their respectability. Historians have called this process the "consumer revolution."
George Washington's rise to prominence
Appointed commander of the Continental Army: In 1775, Washington was appointed to lead the Continental Army.
Led the Continental Army to victory: Washington's leadership and strategy helped the Continental Army win the Revolutionary War.
First president of the United States
Precursors to Football and Baseball
Causes and Outcome of French-Indian War
Causes
mixed of british and colonial forces were able to overcome the french and indian alliance by for the territorry of Ohio river valley. Because France and Britian were both trying to expanse into new territories
Outcome
British were deeply in debt from the war and governing more land than ever before. imposing colony wide taxes to pay recoup expenses
franch and the indian: convert to catholicism, trade, and war alliance
Sugar and Stamp Acts
Sugar Act (1764) implemented to prevent smuggling of molasses from the Caribbean. Lowered tax but increased enforcement of a tax no one was paying with military trials.
The Stamp Act(1765) was the first direct tax on the colonies (non imortation by merchants)(political and economic issue)
protest and mobs most in cities like boston, new york, philadelphia, and charleston
"not taxation without represenation" slogans emrges against british 'virtual representation'
committees of Correspondence (the rich people or wealthy) established across colonies
Greater intercolonial cooperation with stamp act congress in 1765, 9 of 13 colonies sent delegates
Sons of Liberty & Mobs
Mobs burned effigies, attack on stamp collectors and even pulling their houses. the sons of liberty composed of sailors, artisans , itinerant laborers, and free blacks.
liberty poles or liberty trees become symbols to rally around in public spaces
SOL(sons of liberty) founded by brewer Sam Adams in 1765 to protest Stamp Act
Slogan: "liberty, Property, and No stamps"
becomes a secret body coordinating street actions against the stamp act and collectors
Parliament repeals stamp act 1766
Boston Tea Party
tea act allowed the east indian company to bail itself out of a speculative bubble and east india company tea was cheaper but its import duties would be used to fund royal appointees
protests in colonial cities but Boston takes the lead
- Battle over unloading the ships ends with Sons of Liberty dumping the tea leading to copy cat attacks in 1774 in New york Charleston and Philadelphia
Women and protest (Daughters of liberty)
a group of women who protested British taxes and regulations through boycotts, fundraising, and public demonstrations
Intolerable Acts
Parliament demand repayment for all tea
Port of Boston shut down, quatering of troops in and out around the city, colonial assembly now appointed and town meetings only once a year
Suffolk Resolves: pay no taxes, refuse to obey new laws, and prepare for war
Declaration of Independence
the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain
including unfair taxation, lack of representation, and military presence in the colonies, as reasons for their break with Britain.
Battle of Lexington and Concord and Bunker Hill
Black people and slavery in the Revolution
Loyalists
American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence
Failures and Successes of the Articles of Confederation
Failures
Lack of Power to Tax:
The central government could not directly tax citizens, making it difficult to raise funds for national needs.
No Executive Branch:
The Articles lacked an executive leader to enforce laws and provide national direction.
Weak Legislative Power:
Passing laws required a supermajority of states, making it difficult to enact legislation.
Inability to Regulate Trade:
The government couldn't regulate interstate commerce, causing trade disputes between states.
Success
Treaty of Paris:
The Articles allowed the Confederation to successfully negotiate the Treaty of Paris, officially ending the American Revolutionary War.
Northwest Ordinance:
This act established a system for governing the Northwest Territory, laying the groundwork for future states and prohibiting slavery in the region.
Early Diplomacy:
The Articles enabled the Confederation to engage in international relations with other countries.
Concept of Union:
The Articles established the idea of a united nation, providing a foundation for the later Constitution.
Constitutional Convention
Shays’ rebellion caused the Constitutional Convention
55 delegate convention from late May to Mid September 1778
only mandated to amend the articles of confederation
problems from articles of confederations (no ability to levy taxes)
Madisons Virginia Plan
three branches
two houses by population
National legislature > states
(Federal supremacy)
(Federalism)
The Constitutional Convention was a meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 that established the United States Constitution. The convention was held to address the problems of the Articles of Confederation.
Key Debates of Constitution
When the 55 delegates gathered in Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation, there were several major issues on the agenda to discuss including representation
How states would be represented in Congress
Disputes between large and small states
James Madison and James Wilson were central to these debates
state versus federal powers
Anti-Federalists favored a limited central government, while Federalists favored a strong central government.
executive power
The composition and design of the executive branch
The Implied Powers of the President
Washington Presidency
The Electoral College unanimously chose George Washington to eb first president. Washington didn't seek the presidency; he accepted the role out of obligation. He was a big advocate for neutrality, and he exercised his authority with care and restraint. He only used his veto if he was convinced that a bill was unconstitutional. He was comfortable giving responsibility to others and created a government made of the best minds of his time. (Note: The constitution does not specifically grant the President the power/duty to create a "cabinet", but every president since George Washington has had one). Members included: Thomas Jefferson as secretary of state, Alexander Hamilton as secretary of treasury.
Whiskey Rebellion
whiskey taxes affected farmers west of appalachians
replicated protest tatics of revolution and shay's rebellion, attacking tax collectors and burning offices
prevented tax collection for two years
in 1794, 7,000 strong rebel militia attacks and robs US mail and gather outside of philadelphia
george washington called up the militia of nearby states with nearly 13,000 troops and led them in the field (briefly)
The French Revolution's impact on America
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declaration of rights of nam and the citizens
many americans strongly supported it
revolution radicalizes and reign of terror
french abolish slavery in 1794
federalist saw the threat of mob rule in the revolution
Jay's Treaty and The French Quasi-War
jays treaty 1794: treaty of friendship and trade between US and UK
new revolutionary regime insults american diplomats and demand bribes
turns american public opinion and stokes fears of internal subversion
alien and sedition acts 1798: 4 laws raising residency requirements making it eaiser to deport foreigners and prosecuting seditious speech against the government
adams negotioates peace in 1800
Jay's Treaty, signed in 1794 between the United States and Great Britain, significantly contributed to the outbreak of the Quasi-War with France, as the French viewed the treaty as a sign of American favoritism towards Britain, leading them to retaliate by seizing American merchant ships at sea, essentially sparking an undeclared naval war between the two nations.
adams negotioates peace in 1800
The "Revolution" of 1800
